The enhancing effects of music on happiness

The enhancing effects of medical specialty on satisfactionThis thesis examines the enhancing effects of euphony on pleasure. melody is the purest system of art. It drive out be said that it has an impact on al nigh bothone. Certain pieces of medicament go through a relaxing effect, while others stimulate us to act, and some cause change in or accent our mood. This work specifically concentrates on how listening to different kinds of medicinal drug nooky make up the level of comfort and the factors associated with it.Defining MusicThe word medicinal drug basically comes from the Greek word mousike meaning art of the muses.As principally percieved, music is one of the fine arts which is concerned with the combinition of perishs with beauty of digit and the expression of thought or feeling.It bottom be defined as vocal or actoral sounds having some degree of rhythm, agate line and harmony. fit to the Australian Oxford dictionary (2004), music is the art of combin ing vocal or instrumental sounds (or both) to make water beauty of form,harmony and expression of emotion. The Collins dictionary (2000) relates music as an art form consisting of sequences of sounds in time, specially tones of definite pitch organized melodically, conformableally,rhythmically and harmonise to color. Music is also known as, the art of combining sounds so as to please the ear (Chambers dictionary,1987) .Music is also viewed as an art that is difficult to tie discomfit . According to Wikipedia , the definition of music varies according to culture and social scene. The artists whitethorn view music as a performing art, a fine art, and an auditory art .William Sheakspe be has defined it as as the feed of soul.Humanistic psychologists view music as a fashion of self fulfillment,integration and self actualiztion.For existentialists it is another department of alternative and freedom. Music in any form has a universal appeal, like an international language,it is understood and utter everywhere,and its charm and penetrating power roll in the haynot be denied.(Malik, M.S., 1983).Components of MusicAccording to a physicists point of view, music consists of a set of a set of sounds with accompaniment frequencies, amplitudes, and timbres which ar organized into highly predictable patterns. The social and ethnic meanings by passel turn these sounds into music (Hargreaves, D. J and North, A. C., 2000).The components of music be,Musical note is a undivided sound of definite pitch and duration which can be identified in writing.Rhythm, is the arrangement of sounds in time, this arrangement is a complex arrangement of notes into a change integrityture of short and long durations within a single bar or a series of bars. Regular pulse groupings atomic number 18 called bars or measures. Rhythm is one of the approximately central features of many styles of music, especially jazz and hip-hop (Lerdahl Jack closeoff, 1983).Scale, is a furtheran ce of notes in an ascending or descending order.Melody or tune assembles a series of notes into placeable musical comedy shapes. The notes of a line of work atomic number 18 created with respect to pitch systems such as scales. A melody usually though not necessarily possesses rhythm. The rhythm of a melody is often based on the tones of language, the corporal rhythms of jump or just periodic beatings. (Narveson, 1984).The beat of a piece of music is its ceaseless pulse, de shapeined by the bar lines by which music are metrically determined.Pitch, is the height or depth of a note in relation to other notes or in relation to an compulsory pitch. The absolute pitch has internationally been set at A=400 Hz that is, the A above the centre c has a frequency of 440 cycles or vibrations per second. Pitch is determined by the sounds frequency of vibration. The process of appointment note names to pitches is called tuning. The difference in frequency betwixt two pitches is called a n interval. The interval indicates either the two-base hit or halving of the base frequency. (Machlis Kristine, 2007)Harmony is the study of vertical sonorities in music. A vertical sonority refers to considering the relationship between pitches that are together. Harmony can also be implied by melodies that outline a harmonic structure. A larger structure involving multiple pitches is called a chord (Darmschroder Williams, 1990).Harmony in music can be analyzed through Roman numeral system. A system of chord symbols is used in favourite and jazz music. (Friberg, 1991).Musical texture is the overall sound of a piece of music .It is described as the number of parts or lines and their relationship. The perceived texture of a musical piece can be affected by the interval between each musical line, the timbre of instruments or the number of instruments used. Monophony, homophony and polyphone include musical textures. Monophony is the texture of a melody. The texture of homophony i s achieved when a melody is accompany by chords. The melody in homophony is usually voiced in high notes. Polyphony consists of several(prenominal) simultaneous melodies of be importance (Temperly, 2001). Form, is a feature of musical theory that explores the concept of musical syntax, on a topical anaesthetic and global level. The syntax is often explained in terms of phrases and periods or sections or genre respectively. (Juslin, 2003).1.1.2 Musical InstrumentsThe earliest and largest collection of prehistoric musical instruments was give in China and dates back to between 7000 and 6600 BC. (Wikipedia).People of different cultures eat up developed musical instruments of their own distictive fashion,the sounds of these instruments thus,affect different prople differently.Some distict musical instruments are,Sitar, it has been the king of indian court music since fourteenth carbon. It is the modification of an earlier instrument,the Keena.The sitar is made of teak,jackwood an d a seasoned gourd.Its neck towers above the raceers head while it is vie.It in the main has sise or seven playing strings running above the feet and below them, a cardinal or so sympathetic strings,that set up a steady running echo.The sitar is played with a wireplectrum worn on the right finger of the sitarist.The sitar music is a world in itself.Learning to play the instrument with proficiency needs ten or twelve years of intensive study(Bhattacharya, McDonald Carter,2008).Rebab, is the name for various Arabic bow string instruments found in Islamic countries. They occur usually with three strings in various shapes like elongated boats, trapezoid rectangles etc. The Rebab was both carried eastwards and westwards with the spread of Islam (Kartomi, 1990).Guitar is a string instrument, originally brought to Spain by the moors in the middle ages. It has a flat back. The modern instrument has six strings. The guitar is a popular instrument used to provide a simple choral accompl ishment to a dance or a stock.Flute, is a cylindrical tube closed at the upper end where these is a side hole, though which the player bows air and makes the congenital air column vibrate. The modern pinch was largely developed by T.Bohm, he made it possible to pierce finger-holes in correct positions. The crimp did not come into general use in chamber and orchestral music until 18th century (Taylor, 1992).Saxophones are classified as members of the single reed family. Saxophone was invented in about 1840 by Adolph Sax, a Belgian instrument maker. Saxophones are regular members of dance bands military bands and are also used to play distinctive solo in orchestral work. The sound of the saxophone is thoroughgoingly variable. Its timbre world fair between wood and brass, it passes from the softness of flute over the broad, mellow tone of cells to the metallic strength of the coronet (Ingham, 1998).Drum, is the generic name for instruments consisting of skin stretched over a fra me or vessel and struck with the hands or a sticks. The drum was introduced in the western world through Greece (Kinnear, 1985).Tabla, is a type of an oriental drum. It exists in different forms. The Indian table is a single headed drum resembling a small tympano, having a akin sound. The Arabic tabla is beaten by the hands and the tone is much drier than that of the Indian instrument (Holroyde, 1972). marimba is a set of tuned wooden bars beaten with sticks. The bars usually rest in a frame and are arranged in order of pitch. Most xylophones are provided with resonators, either in the form of a cradle shaped box under the bars, or in the form of a offprint gourd for each bar gourd for each bar. When playing the xylophone, the player uses mallets of various weights and hardness according to the quality of tone required.( Nettl Bruno ,1956). piano, Classicism is the greatest and the best known period of piano music. The pianist uses a flexible system of levers connected by four joi nts, knuckles, wrist, elbow and shoulders. It can also be played by placing the finger on the key and raising the arm slightly in a relaxed action. Piano is a mechanical instrument through which the notes are produced by the strike of keys (Krumhansl, 1997).Violin is the most grievous of the stringed instruments in the orchestra as well as in chamber and solo music. Its main parts are the, personate consisting of label sound board, back and ribs (sidewalks), the finger board, string h previous(a), the bridge. The violin provides expressiveness ranging from soft lyricism to extreme dramatic excitement and a sensitive timbre (Cremer, 1984).Harmonium is a keyboard instrument that sounds by means of thin metal tongues organism set in vibration by a steady period of air which is provided by a pair of pedal operated bellows. The metal tongues act as free reeds. modern harmonium can produce expressive graduations of sounds by means of the expression stop. The harmonium was developed in the 19th century from a number of experimental instruments (Encyclopdia Britannica (11th Ed.), 1911).Types of MusicThe aim of all music is to involve the core of the heart and thus music can be called an expression of our hearts sayings. Different types of music ease in soothing ones disturbed soul, in the growth of concentration and also cheer us up to live livelihood to the fullest. There are various types of music as pot obtain different tastes i.e., classical music, rock, hip-hop, folk, opera, mystical etc. The objective behind listening to music remains the same. pure music is a complex form of music as it requires high musical skills like learning the ragas and ability to coordinate with other musicians .The one who wants to learn, he/she has to go through proper training in this field of music (Bhattacharyya, 2008).Rock music, originated in the rock n roll era of 1950s. The singers are accompanied by a guitar, mystifying and drum. Certain rock groups use pianos, saxop hones, flute, mandolin and sitar for a deeper effect. This type of music has several subtypes such as hard rock, progressive rock and metal rock. All these types of rock music are popular to date.(Warren , Romanowski Parles ,2001).Hip-hop (Pop-Music) music always includes the use of instruments such as guitar, violin, fiddle, piano, bass and drums. In these types of music, the bass is the main instrument. This can be used in different intensities to emote feelings of anger, pride and others. This type of music is the result of hip-hop culture and is known as hip-hop music. This music shows a heavy incline of Jamaican music. The roots of the music are found in African American and West African music. (Light, 1999).Folk music is a kind of traditional music that is handed down from generations in every culture. Folk music shows the social upheaval that lies among various classes of tribe. This also portrays their struggle for survival and their culture (Bhattacharyya, 2008).The term can be applied to music that has been evolved from rudimentary beginnings by a community uninfluenced by popular and art music and it can likewise be applied to music which has originated with an individual composer and has after been absorbed into the unwritten living tradition of a community. It is the re-fashioning and re-creation of the music by the community that gives it a folk character (Lloyd, 1975).Opera music first emerged in Italy in the 17th century. This genre of music a remarkable combination of theatrical art and musical inventions and is specifically played in theatres. This has great demand for its amusing orchestral supplements. The introduction and interval of this music set the tone for the action on stage. (Grout Williams, 2003). occultal music Music is an outburst of the soul.Mystic music includes spacious, contemplative, heartfelt, trance inducing and psychedelic sounds in such genres as space music, electronic, ambient, visionary, acoustic, world fusion, c lassical, neo-classical, and even some progressive rock a mix of entrancing drones, structures, and rhythms. Mystic music extends from Bach to rock. Mystic music is that kind of sonorous sound bonk that lifts and awakens you above normal consciousness, even if just for a few moments. If you listen sensitively, it puts you in touch with your most special memories and forgotten dreams. It is relaxing and good for your plants (and your body too not to mention your mind, heart and soul). Mystic music remains true to the original purpose of music to help us contact the uncanny dimensions of life and reveal the secret to us and to, keep the spirit alive (Nasr, 1997)1.1.4 Effects of MusicMusic holds a very significant position in our lives since the beginning.From the early beginning to the deport day, post in music with reference to healing and therapeautic experiece has sustained (Bartlett ,1996) The qualities of music were known even in earliest times. Evidence suggests that dance a nd song preceded speech. Researchers have found that about two-thirds of the inner ears cilia resonate only at the higher frequencies that are commonly found in music (3,000 20,000 Hz). This seems to indicate that primitive pityings communicated primarily through song or tone.India has one of the oldest musical traditions in the world, references to Indian classical music (marga) can be found in the ancient scriptures of the Hindu tradition, the Vedas (Wikipedia).There are references to the divine alliance of music and medicine in classical antiquity and the healing function of much among primitive people (Schullian and Schoen,1948). Recent work on music has confirmed the effectiveness of music too. This is of the fact that music can trigger Endorphins in human body that help the mind in creating sound images,allowing people to escape into a painless worlds shelter by their imaginations. Music can speed up or slow,regularize or disturb our heart beat,relax or tense the nerves,can affect digestion,respiration and blood pressure(Tame,1984)Ansdell(1995) says that we make and experience music because or body is made up of cells,organs,and muscles that have pulses and tones,tensions and resolutions of the tensions.Emotions share with music the qualities of speed force attack and intensity.It has also been suggested that music could be a powerful tool to use within neuro-disability and the structure of music can help organize and find out information. (Taylor, 1992). In many instances it has been found that people with brain tie in problems were able to function in disclose ways while being exposed to music. (Erdonmez, 1993 Nordoff Robbins, 1997). Mc Carty (1999) described how music could reduce negative emotions and increase absolute emotions in anicteric as well as clinically ill people. In the lyric of Janet Towell(2000), Music can soothe the soul, excite the emotions and provide a sense of cultural identity. Music can decrease pain and depression while increasing mood and self esteem. A study showed that tread affected arousal while mode of the music affected the mood (Husain, Thompson Schelenburg, 2002).Well ness is a product of healthy body, mind, spirit interactions, and, as a result music can an important addition in creating the appropriate environment for persons healing (Stewart, 1990).Musics appeal to us is primarily aflame and psychological. Music has been celebrated for its ability to enhance peoples moods, move them to tears, make them want to rejoice or just move them emotionally in both negative and positive ways (Goldstein, A, 1980). Radocy and Boyle(1979) suggest that there are eight types of affectional responses to music.Some of these relate to an innate sensory perception of the sound while others are associted with images,experiences and emotional context of these experiences.These responses may include simple feelingsnegative and positive organic feelinsmoral religious feelings and emotions and tempraments .Because of this entity,music often can help people in confronting issues which they have not dealt earlier in their lives.This is because of the association between the events of our past with the particular piece of music (Bright ,1993Levine , 1999Ortiz ,1997).Stewart(1990) believes that music is an affective therapeutic agent under the right circumstances as it can allign patterns of emotion,structures of conciousness and /or psychic energy (P.62).It does not appeal to logic and rarely meets with intellectual resistence to iniciate its actions(Guzzetta , 1995).Music can help us to initiate psychological movement by modifying our mental states and cuing us towards more positive affirmations such as sad to cheerfull,discouraged to hopefull,or plain to peaceful.Music has an essential ability to create another world of realistic time(Blaking,1990).Menuhin(1972) reveals furthur that Music creates order out of chaos, for rhythm imposes unanimity upon the divergent ,melody imposes cont inuity among the disjointed,and harmony imposes compatibility among the incongruous.Listening to music can create and expand out internal space where we can retreat from the norms and the reality of the world.This is achieved by creating an internal imaginative world of sound which is rich in symbolism and private meaning,and allowing us to revisit the emotional context of particular memories(Bunt,1996).According to Sloboda(1989) ,the reason most of us take part in musical activities is that music is capable of arousing in us deep and significant emotions.These emotions range from the aeshetic delight in sound construction,through emtions such as joy or sorrow which music sometimes enhances to simple relief from tediousness of depression.The music itself cannot have extra musical meaning unless the experience to which it refers already exists in the mind of the listener.When music has similar connections with human life,then it can make people more aware of feelings they experienc ed by increase the emotions.Particular music can help in moving painful memories or the unresolved issues in life .Stor(1992) also refers this arousal as being a condition of heightned alertness,awareness, liaison and excitement.He also believes that apart from the relations between seeing an emotional arousal,the relation between hearing and emotional arousal is rigider.Campball(1992), observed that when we communcate with the emotional centres of our being such as through the use of music,we can emend reduce stress and achieve a sense of welbeing.Music can also help in achieving peace and relaxation (Ortiz ,1997). Diamond (1979) suggests that music can be an important part of primary preventative health care at a psychosocial level. Bunt(1996) shows that how music can be used to assist people in realizing their feelings, going beyond their everyday experiences, settlement hurts and pain and appraising significant live events. Music can also evoke memories of the emotional cont ext of past events and times and aid people to explore issues for a different angle and retrieving events and emotions. Music evokes not only the memories of past time besides also the emotional context of those times(Bunt,1997).It has been reported that music is an activity that the healthy impaired talented and interested enjoy, because it provides them with a relief from their stress ,anxiety, depression and mourning(Blacking,1995).Music coupled with personal attention and care of other people, can provide gratification and restore a sense of charge to people who may be experiencing depression or low self-esteem (Crystal, Grober Masur,1989).According to Spingte (1998), music is the most intense means of emotional communication. In view of Hallan, S Price, J. (1998), calming music led to better participant performance on arithmetic and memory tasks. Music can align patterns of emotions, structures of consciousness and / or psychic energy (Stewart, 1990).Thus, music has great influences on a listener. It can take the mind and body to do spontaneous things whether they are good or bad. Depending on the type of music and the inner nitty-gritty it has, music can influence a person and his/her actions (Cassidy, 2008). rejoicingThere has been a surge of interest in Positive Psychology during the last quarter of this century. There has been a huge amount of interest and research on happiness, wellbeing and satisfaction among all positive fields (Diener 1995).The classic definition of happiness by Jeremy Bentham(1800s) is that happiness is the sum of pleasures and pains. blessednessis a state of mind or feeling characterized by contentment, love, satisfaction, pleasure, orjoy.It is a positive emotional state that is defined by every person on a subjective level. The term subjective upbeat is used as a synonym for happiness. Happiness is defined as an overall appraisal of life, where the good and the bad is balanced (Diener Scolon, 2003). Happiness in this o lder sense was used to translate the Greek Eudemonia, and is still used in virtue ethics.(Wikipedia).Happiness is a belief about yourself and the outside world. You can be doing something you normally experience as pleasurable but not be happy. Pleasure is born from the external world happiness is born from the internal works of our own minds. Martin Seligman,( 2002) one of the founders of positive psychology, describes happiness as consisting of positive emotions and positive activities. He categorizes emotions relate to the past, present and future. Positive emotions relating to the past include satisfaction, contentment, pride and serenity. Positive emotions relating to the future include optimism, hope and trust.Veenhoven (1997) has defined happiness or subjective well-being as the degree to which one judges the quality of his life favorably. According to Schwartz and Strack (1999), even very minor incidents in life can affect the level of happiness.The findings of a Pakistani research have shown that number of happy people is more than that of unhappy people and that the eastern people have higher levels of happiness than western people. Work satisfaction, social support, religious affiliation, social class, income level, and marital post and satisfaction were found to be predictors of happiness (Suhail, Chaudary, 2004).Individual differences in the levels of happiness also have significance.Theories of happinessThe theories of happiness have been divided into three types,Need/goal satisfaction theories,Process/activity theories,Genetic/ temperament predisposition theories (Diener et al, 2002).Psychoanalytic and humanistic theorists believed that reduction in tension and satisfaction of needs lead to the deed of happiness. It was theorized that people were happy as they had achieved their goals. (Compton, 2005).According to the process/activity theorists, participating in activities generates happiness. Csikszentmihalyi (1990) proposed that people wh o cross in interesting and challenging activities, and thus experience the feelings of flow, are happier. Emmons (1986) has also emphasized how pursuing goals generates happiness.The communicable/personality theorists view happiness as a stable construct. A Research by costa and McCrae (1986) proved that happiness is based on personality and genetics.Lucas (1996) also found in a research that personality traits were closely related to happiness.Keyes and Lopez (1995) presented another model of happiness. They defined happiness as a fat state of mental health while combining many principles of pleasure. They defined emotional happiness as the presence of positive affect and life satisfaction with the absence of negative affect. Social happiness was achieved by incorporating acceptance, actualization, contribution, coherence and integration. However, self acceptance, personal growth, purpose in life, environmental mastery, autonomy and positive relations with others were the compo nents of achieving psychological well-being,Most of recent researches agree with idea of happiness being a combination of psychological, emotional, and physical well-being.Causes of HappinessSex No significant differences have been seen between the levels of happiness of men and women (Nolen-Hoeksema Rusting, 1999).In a study by Wood,Rhodes Whelan (1989), it was found that women report slightly higher levels of happiness. Fujita, Diener Sandvick (1991) also reported that women showed greater capacity for joy. Shayam and Yadev (2006) found that senile men scored higher on well-being as compared to elderly women. However the impact of gender accounts for only 1 percent of variability in happiness in people.Finances Financial status is related to happiness, however with an increase the effect diminishes (Diener, 1997).Diener (1995) found that positive correlations existed between the GDP and subjective well being of fifty five nations. According to Keely,(2000) increase in income do es not lead to increase in happiness.Most people are happy regardless of their material wealth(Diener , 1996).Marital status Research has shown that married people are happier as compared to individual, divorced, separated or widowed people. Shields Wooden (2003) found that married women and men were consistently happier than unmarried men and women.Education Education has greater affect on the happiness levels of people with lower incomes (Campbell, 1976).Education appears to have only small direct influence on happiness.Culture Diener Lucas (1999) found that some nations appear to be more emotional than other nations. It was found that people in individualistic cultures had higher subjective well-being as compared to collectivistic cultures. (Ball, 2001).Health Physical health is strongly related to levels of happiness. If one is physically healthy he/she would have higher levels of happiness as compared to a person who is sick. According to physicians, Brief, Butcher, George Link (1993) a strong correlation exists between subjective well-being and health.Religion Many researches support that people who are religious tend to be happier. Studies have found that engagement in religious activities is significantly related to higher well-being (Donahue Benson, 1995).James Peacock and Margret Poloma (1999) found that ones perceived closeness to God was a very strong predictor of happiness.Life Events The number of positive events jibe with positive affect at .33 in people whereas, the average intensity of positive affect when subjects were feeling happy correlated with happiness at .25 (Schimmack, Diener Oishi 2002).Happiness correlate with a number of friends and the relationships with them (Diener Lucas, 1999).Peak experiences however have been found to be due to religion music or other intense activities.Thus, immense research has been done on the effects of music on physical as well as mental health which has shown promising results.