We MUST Keep Repeat Offenders in Jail :: Sentencing Argument Argumentative

We MUST Keep Repeat Offenders in JailWhy do killers, rapists, and child molesters go free? A large pieceof early release prisoners commit serious crimes after being released. In fact,in a three year follow-up of 108,850 state prisoners released in 1983 frominstitutions in 11 states, within three years sixty percent of violent crimeoffenders were re-arrested. More than half of those charged with violent crimeswere discharged within both years.(from Truth In Sentencing by James Wooton).These criminals are sent right back to the streets to cause trouble again. Thelaws and justice system has to stick to their guns when it comes to prison terms.If near person is charged with armed robbery and sentenced to 15 years inprison, why should they be released in five years or less? We must makecriminals pay for their crimes. If individuals are incarcerated for the fulllength of their given sentence, I believe that there will be less repeatoffenders and an overall littler crime rate.Some say t hat if we cut down on prison terms we will save loads of taxmoney. There will be less need to build, maintain, and expand existing staff ifthere are fewer prisoners. But how much more can we cut these sentences, arentthey short comme il faut already? The average jail sentence is seven years and elevenmonths, but the actual average time make outd is two years and eleven months. Ithink there are better ways to save money. For example, we should cut back onthe funding of foreign governments. We have plenty of our own problems in theUnited States that we need to take care of. We should take care of our ownbefore we try to help others. The money we would save would not affect usdirectly either. The money the government would save would not reduce our taxesor anything like that, they would take the money and invest it in something elseimportant, like maybe grownup themselves a raise. How can you put a price onyour childs safety? When a repeat rapist is released early and rapes yourdaug hter or sister, how important is that deliver government money going to be?There should be no tolerance for repeat offenders. I agree thateveryone makes mistakes, but you must pay for those mistakes and visualise fromthose mistakes. When criminals make the same mistakes over and over they shouldpay heavily for these repeat crimes. But criminals know that our justice systemis soft, they know they will never serve their full sentence, if any at all.

Television Commercials Designed for the Female Audience Essay -- Explo

Television Commercials Designed for the Female Audience The television commercial is perhaps the most effective means of harvest-time marketing and pay heedisement. Television is present in 99% of American households, and it stays turned on an average of seven hours per day. (http//www.envirolink.com/) The television audience is a varied, general audience, ensuring manufacturers that their yields advertisements are reaching all possible customers. Obviously, not all products are produced for all consumers. Market analysts and advertisers must find advertising techniques that can be utilise in commercials for certain target customers and use those commercials to directly affect the ideal customer for the product. Gender, social, and cultural ideologies are often used to influence the audience. The vast graze of possible studies on commercials includes gender differences and influences on the development of children, demographic stereotypes and the effects on society, even the us e of dialogue and its importance to the advertisement however, Ive focused on a slightly more narrow path of research and observation. I have narrowed down the comparisons of gender differences to focus only on the females frame in the commercial world and how television advertisements change their approach for different age groups. By observing five basic parts of the commercial-- the camera work, the product advertised, the sound, the actors, and the action- I was able to focus on the advertisers ideas of the female child, teenager, adult, and elder, and sort similarities, differences, and correlations between the commercials of the different age groups. The subject of my research was approximately 190 commercials, recorded everyplace a period of one ... ... as energetic fun-seekers- are influential or not will be determined by the consumer and his or her bag and the advertisers continued ability to hit that target. RESOURCES TV Facts from http//www.envirolink.org/issues/system /media/tv_facts.html Paper format after Jacquelyn Bradway http//www.wcsu.ctstateu.edu/mccarney/acad/bradway.html VCR Recordings from NBC, CBS, ABC, and FOX Other Ideas and Information from The Marketing Concept http//ctl.augie.edu/dept/coth/coth380/advert/WHEEL.HTML Gender Differences in Communication http//cpsr.org/cpsr/gender/mulvaney.txt TV Programs Have Underlying Economic Purposes http//www.widmeyer.com/tv/viewing/link11.htm Content Analysis of Gender Differences in Childrens advertizement http//www.aber.ac.uk/ednwww/Resdeg/merris07.html A Definition of Advertising http//www.wsu.edu/

Ancient Olympics Essay -- essays research papers fc

History of the Ancient Olympic GamesThe Ancient Greek Olympics were not only sporting events, it was a celebration to honor the great and powerful Zeus. The Ancient Olympics were held every four years at the famous Olympia, a district of Elis, here all necessitous Greek men were allowed to compete. The first record of the Olympic Games was held in 776 B.C. The main sports were the Pentathlon, the Equestrian Events, Pankration, and Boxing.The Pentathlon was the name for the five events in Greek gymnastics running, jumping, wrestling, dish antenna throwing, and javelin throwing which began with the eighteenth Olympiad. In the wrestling event, wrestlers were anointed with oil, dusted with powder, and forbidden to bite or gouge one another. Wrestling was looked upon as a weapon-free military exercise. Since there was no weapons wrestlers that competed employ their load and strength as an advantage especially since there were no weight categories. The Javelin was thrown in the same fo rm back in ancient quantify as it is thrown today. The first recorded Olympic Games had one event, a race, called the stade which is a measure of the distance of the length of the track. By 724 B.C. a two-length race was added and by 700 B.C. there were longer distance races. By 720 B.C., men participated naked, except in the founding race in armor that weighed between fifty to sixty pounds. The output included a helmet, greaves, and a shield that helped young men build speed and stamina in preparation for war. The Pentathlon included three running events such as the Stade, the Diaulos, and the Dolichos. The Stade was a 200 yard foot race, was the first and only Olympic event for 13 Games. The dolichos was a variable length foot race averaging twenty stades or four thousand yards for the fifteenth Olympiad. The Diaulos was a four hundred yard foot race that was instituted for the next Olympic Games. The discus was considered by ancient Greeks, an event of rhythm, precision, and finesse of a competitor to throw the discus was as important as his strength. The discus was made of stone, iron, bronze, or lead, and was mold like a flying saucer. The Sizes were different for the boys division, since the boys were not expected to throw the same weighted discus as the men. The athletes who competed in the jump event used lead or stone jump weights called halteres shaped like telephone receivers to increase ... ...rces, but in the historic years their founder is said to be Oxylos whose descendant Ifitos later rejuvenated the games. According to tradition, the Olympic Games began in 776 B.C. when Ifitos made a treaty with Lycourgos the king and famous legislator of Sparta and Cleisthenes the king of Pissa (Coote p. 13). The text of the treaty was written on a disc and kept in the Heraion. In this treaty that was the decisive event for the development of the sanctuary as a Panhellenic centre, the "sacred armistice" was agreed, that is to say the ceasing of fighting in the entire Greek world for as long as the Olympic Games were on. As a reward for the victors, the cotinus, which was a wreath made from a branch of wild olive tree that was growing next to the opisthodomus of the temple of Zeus in the sacred Altis, was established after an enjoin of the Delphic oracle. Works CitedCoote, James. A Picture History of the Olympics. London, England Tom Stacey Limited, 1972.Kristy, Davida. Olympics How the Games Began. Minneapolis, Minnesota Lerner Publications Company, 1995.Grolier, the Associated Press. The Olympic Story. Danbury, Connecticut Grolier Enterprises INC., 1979.

Cloned Zoos Essay -- Research Paper Animals Cloning Papers

Cloned ZoosImagine an earth where every animal lives within an enclosed theater of operations where all homophilekind batch see them. Yet, within these enclosures are the only places humans can see these animals alive. Why? It is because the animals habitats have been damaged and completely destroy for the needs and usage of human kind. These enclosed areas are called Cloned Zoos The Final Stronghold of the Worlds Biodiversity. These tollerd zoos are full of cloned animals that have been brought back from the dead or from the edge of experimental extinction. mankind has come to a meridian where all life on earth is controlled by human hands and where without the help of humans no animals will survive. pot you imagine a humans where this instance has become reality? Could humankind allow this atrocity to happen? Will they allow this atrocity to happen? Well, virtually scientists are trying to obviate this tragedy from occurring by using cloning to preserve those animals tha t are endangered or rapidly approaching the brink of extinction. The engineering for cloning is improving and some(a) scientists are turning to this technology as a way to preserve the genes of species faced with extinction due to weak procreative abilities or a population, which is take apart and unable to reach another population. A member of an endangered species can be cloned and reintroduced into the original or a remote and unreachable population. Another resource is the member being cloned can be brought back to life after it has died in order that its genes are still die of the gene pool.An estimated one speed of light species go extinct each and every day, which means that approximately 36,500 species would go extinct every year (British Broadcasting Corporation, 2003). This extinction trend coul... .... (October 2, 2003). http//www.noonanrusso.com/imedia/ikit/act2/html/faqs.html Tobin, Kate. CNN.com-Nature scratch line cloned endangered species dies 2 days after bir th. January 12, 2001. 18 phratry 2003 http//www.cnn.com/2001/NATURE/01/12/cloned.gaur/ Weise, Elizabeth. USA Today The crme of the clone crop. September 28, 2003. 18 September 2003 http//www.usatoday.com/news/health/2003-09-29-clone-table.htm Westphal, Sylvia Pagan. So simple, almost anyone can do it. New Scientist. 17 August 2002 16-17.Wright, Richard T. Biology Through the eye of Faith. San Francisco Harper & Row, Publishers, 1989.1 The zona pellucida is the extracellular matrix of the egg, (Campbell, Reece, Mitchell, 1999, p. 940), a protective layer of the egg.2 Fitness is a measure of potential success, (English 107), for a species within a disposed(p) environment. Cloned Zoos Essay -- Research Paper Animals Cloning PapersCloned ZoosImagine an earth where every animal lives within an enclosed area where all humankind can see them. Yet, within these enclosures are the only places humans can see these animals alive. Why? It is because the animals habitats have been damaged and completely destroyed for the needs and usage of human kind. These enclosed areas are called Cloned Zoos The Final Stronghold of the Worlds Biodiversity. These cloned zoos are full of cloned animals that have been brought back from the dead or from the edge of extinction. Humankind has come to a point where all life on earth is controlled by human hands and where without the help of humans no animals will survive.Can you imagine a world where this instance has become reality? Could humankind allow this atrocity to happen? Will they allow this atrocity to happen? Well, some scientists are trying to avert this tragedy from occurring by using cloning to preserve those animals that are endangered or rapidly approaching the brink of extinction. The technology for cloning is improving and some scientists are turning to this technology as a way to preserve the genes of species faced with extinction due to weak reproductive abilities or a population, which is split and unabl e to reach another population. A member of an endangered species can be cloned and reintroduced into the original or a distant and unreachable population. Another option is the member being cloned can be brought back to life after it has died in order that its genes are still part of the gene pool.An estimated one hundred species go extinct each and every day, which means that approximately 36,500 species would go extinct every year (British Broadcasting Corporation, 2003). This extinction trend coul... .... (October 2, 2003). http//www.noonanrusso.com/imedia/ikit/act2/html/faqs.html Tobin, Kate. CNN.com-Nature First cloned endangered species dies 2 days after birth. January 12, 2001. 18 September 2003 http//www.cnn.com/2001/NATURE/01/12/cloned.gaur/ Weise, Elizabeth. USA Today The crme of the clone crop. September 28, 2003. 18 September 2003 http//www.usatoday.com/news/health/2003-09-29-clone-table.htm Westphal, Sylvia Pagan. So simple, almost anyone can do it. New Scientist. 17 A ugust 2002 16-17.Wright, Richard T. Biology Through the Eyes of Faith. San Francisco Harper & Row, Publishers, 1989.1 The zona pellucida is the extracellular matrix of the egg, (Campbell, Reece, Mitchell, 1999, p. 940), a protective layer of the egg.2 Fitness is a measure of potential success, (English 107), for a species within a given environment.

European Enlightenment Essay -- essays research papers

EnlightenmentThe enlightenment was the growth of thought of European thinkers in the 1600s. The spread of enlightenment was a result of the Scientific Revolution during the 1500s and 1600s. It resulted as a need to use reason to distribute human laws. It excessively came about from a need to solve social, political and economic problems. Joseph Priestley and Antoine Lavoisier built the manakin for modern chemistry during the enlightenment. Edward Jenner built a vaccine against smallpox, a pestiferous disease. These sort of scientific successes prompted European thinkers to use reason to find laws to govern the visible world, which they called natural laws. Natural laws are laws that govern human nature. Two big(p) thinkers during the enlightemnet were Thomas Hobbes and John Locke. Thomas Hobbes wrote a restrain about his ideas called the Leviathan. In his book he argued that mickle were naturally cruel, greedy and selfish. He thought that if people were not strictly controlled , they would fight, rob and oppress one another. He believed society mustiness be ruled by an Absolute Monarch.... European Enlightenment Essay -- essays research papersEnlightenmentThe enlightenment was the growth of thought of European thinkers in the 1600s. The spread of enlightenment was a result of the Scientific Revolution during the 1500s and 1600s. It resulted as a need to use reason to distribute human laws. It also came about from a need to solve social, political and economic problems. Joseph Priestley and Antoine Lavoisier built the framework for modern chemistry during the enlightenment. Edward Jenner built a vaccine against smallpox, a deadly disease. These sort of scientific successes prompted European thinkers to use reason to find laws to govern the physical world, which they called natural laws. Natural laws are laws that govern human nature. Two prominent thinkers during the enlightemnet were Thomas Hobbes and John Locke. Thomas Hobbes wrote a boo k about his ideas called the Leviathan. In his book he argued that people were naturally cruel, greedy and selfish. He thought that if people were not strictly controlled, they would fight, rob and oppress one another. He believed society must be ruled by an Absolute Monarch....

European Enlightenment Essay -- essays research papers

EnlightenmentThe reason was the growth of thought of European thinkers in the 1600s. The spread of enlightenment was a result of the Scientific Revolution during the 1500s and 1600s. It resulted as a need to use reason to distribute human laws. It also came about from a need to solve social, political and economic problems. Joseph Priestley and Antoine Lavoisier built the framework for new chemistry during the enlightenment. Edward Jenner built a vaccine against smallpox, a deadly disease. These sort of scientific successes prompted European thinkers to use reason to find laws to govern the physical world, which they called ingrained laws. Natural laws are laws that govern human nature. Two prominent thinkers during the enlightemnet were Thomas Hobbes and commode Locke. Thomas Hobbes wrote a book about his ideas called the Leviathan. In his book he argued that people were naturally cruel, greedy and selfish. He thought that if people were not purely controlled, they would fight, rob and oppress one another. He believed society must be ruled by an Absolute Monarch.... European Enlightenment Essay -- essays research written documentEnlightenmentThe enlightenment was the growth of thought of European thinkers in the 1600s. The spread of enlightenment was a result of the Scientific Revolution during the 1500s and 1600s. It resulted as a need to use reason to distribute human laws. It also came about from a need to solve social, political and economic problems. Joseph Priestley and Antoine Lavoisier built the framework for modern chemistry during the enlightenment. Edward Jenner built a vaccine against smallpox, a deadly disease. These sort of scientific successes prompted European thinkers to use reason to find laws to govern the physical world, which they called natural laws. Natural laws are laws that govern human nature. Two prominent thinkers during the enlightemnet were Thomas Hobbes and John Locke. Thomas Hobbes wrote a book about his ide as called the Leviathan. In his book he argued that people were naturally cruel, greedy and selfish. He thought that if people were not strictly controlled, they would fight, rob and oppress one another. He believed society must be ruled by an Absolute Monarch....

Relationship between hypothesized behavior Essay

The aim of the paper was to determine the relationship between hypothesized behavior resulting from a personality test and positive information behavior from a group-based assignment. Traditionally, information seeking behavior is subsumed under a single monolithic theoretical framework. The study seeks to address the empirical categorization of such behavior. closely three voluntary groups of ten library and information science students were observed during a project assignment.The NEO-PI-R test was employed to describe and define personality traits of participants. The self-employed person variables atomic number 18 gender and test results. The dependent variable is the so-called differential information-seeking behavior (between the populations). The findings are as follows 1) some personality traits are related to actual information-seeking behavior, 2) gender is not a good determinant of good behavior, and 3) personality traits are also related to the overall context of gro up activities. 2) Research Design.You neediness to know more about the social interaction of preschoolers in the playground. Suppose the number of preschoolers (assuming) is 30 and above, then we can conduct a statistical test. The commutative variable is time spend playing with other preschoolers- X- (assuming that we expand the playing time of the children). The dependent variable is personal acceptability Y (the degree in which a child receives positively other children). If we observe that an increase in X is accompanied by an increase in Y, then we can come to that the two are correlated.In short, as the amount of time spent playing with other preschoolers is increased, the degree of personal acceptability increases. 3) A correlation economic value of 0. 89 means that there exists a very strong positive linear relationship between the two variables. In short, the amount of time (in hours) spent in studying is positively related to mental test scores. A student who spends more time studying will likely to receive high exam scores. 4) The researchers subjected Albert to intense psychological conditions without his consent.The researchers were also indifferent to the consequences of the experiment (which turned out bad for the child). These two instances merit as ethical faults in the study. 5) Neurotransmitters are chemicals which leave alone the transmission of signals from one neuron to the next across synapses. Neurotransmitters, in a sense, activate receptors of the nervous system. Hormones are also signal chemicals but with different purpose. They are chemicals that transport signal from one cell to another, altering body metabolism (which neurotransmitters cannot do).

Cash for Organs

Sheila Rivers ENG 101/MWF Oct. 29, 2012 Mr. Viquesney Cash for Organs Charity should be the only basis for harmonium donation. On the other hand, bullion requital for donating variety meat should be an option and legalized. With the everyplacewhelming take a steering for electric reed organs and non tolerable eruptrs in the United States, an open, regulated, and legal specie-for-organs market is needed to difference the need and paucity of organs. There will always be a need for organ donations.According to the United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS), as of October 2012 thither argon 116,421 men, women, and children on the organ transplant wait advert to receive hearts, livers, kidneys, and other human organs. With a total of only 8,280 donors alive and deceased so far this year, the need for donated organs far exceeds the donation of organs. This need for donated organs leaves a large gap in transplants and consequently patients wait months, even historic period on t he postponement list for donated organs. Every ten minutes another name is added to the national organ transplant wait list.By the time patients get on the waiting list they go through been evaluated by a transplant doctor and is in end stage organ failure. According to (organdonor. gov) right now, there are more than enough people waiting for an organ to fill a football stadium twice over. On average, 18 people die every day waiting for a transplant that never happens as a direct result of the drop of organ donations. Patients that put forward afford it will travel to other countries to obtain organs on the black market to palliate their life. The National Organ Transplant Act (NOTA) passed in 1984, made the buying and selling of human organs in the United States illegal.Over all too many people die each year waiting for a donated organ that is not available to relieve their life. The option to sell an organ should be solely left up to the individual who wants to do so, as long as the procedure and all the risks that are involved are broady understood. If someone decides to sell and organ to who ever they want, for a momentary compensation they should harbor the right to do so. It will not only notwithstanding the life of the recipient, but also financially compensate the donor in return. After all it is their body and the government should not have the right to tell people that selling an organ for compensation is illegal.With so many people dying and waiting for a life saving organ transplant, this would decrease the deaths and wait time for an organ. In 1988 Iran became one of the first Nations to permit and regulate payment and other incentives for living donor transplants. As a result, the subjugate of renal transplants performed substantially increased such that in 1999, the renal transplant waitlist was completely eliminated. Currently, Iran has no renal transplant waiting list. With results such as this, proves that cash for human organs c an potentially eliminate the transplant waitlist in the United States.A number of transplant experts have been convinced tat providing financial incentives to organ sources, as an alternative to altruistic organ donation needs careful reconsideration. By permitting an open, regulated, and legal cash-for-organs market this could save the lives of the people who suffer and die periodical because of kidney failure while waiting for a donated kidney. The director of Kidney Health Australia said if it was carefully regulated in a way that avoided any potential detestation and was organized by the government or some other process that was meaningful, a pilot would be worthwhile doing Mathew.If there were some kind of compensation for organ donations, more people would be interested and willing to become organ donors. The kidney is the only organ a person can sell or donate and safely continue to live without. Even though we are born with two kidneys a person can live a full and normal l ife with just one, in addition to living just as long as a person with two. In the case of a kidney, a love donor is capable of living successfully after a transplant surgery, because over the years surgeries have become safer and less invasive for the donor with less down time.According to the registry data from UNOS, research has shown that a kidney from a live donor is the best option for long-term transplantation. Over the years the number of living donors have steadily decreased while the deceased donors have increased, although the increase in not enough to offset the decrease. NOTA was also created to cry the critical organ donation shortage and improve the organ matching and placement process. As said, Due to the high success rate of organ transplants over the years it has made getting an organ more difficult.Improved survival rates and the expectation that organ replacement will enhance quality of life have encouraged more doctors and their patients with organ failure to opt for transplantation Klein. The early organ transplants performed routinely had a high mortality rate the major content was the patients immune system rejected the foreign organ. Throughout the years with the introduction of medicine has helped lower the mortality rate due to the rejection of the foreign organ and organ transplants have become more routine and less experimental.To their surprise, donors do not understand or know how many lives are saved or can be saved simply by donating organs. There are no age requirements to being an organ donor. The fact is everyone can be an organ donor anybody under the age of eighteen has to have a parental consent. The process of convincing individuals to be an organ donor is challenging, and some of these challenges are a lack of knowledge, fear of premature death, and the lack of trust of the medical profession. Most people do not know what the process of organ donation is and how it works to save lives.People feel that if the doctor k new they where an organ donor he/she would not put as much effort into saving their life because of this. If people had a demote understanding and more knowledge about the process of organ donation more people would be willing to donate organs to help save lives. Charity should not be the only option for organ donation. When charity is the only option the donor do not have the right to give their organ to who they wish. With so many people on the waitlist for an organ transplant and way to few donors there needs to be another way to perpetrate donors.The cash for organ program that has shown a success in other countries should be looked at on a more serious note. Due to the shortage sever shortage of donated organs that has led to needless death of so many people, the cash for organs seems to be a very legitimate way to save lives. Until modern medicine can completely grow fully develop human organs there will always be a need for human organs and the fastest way to obtain organs for transplant is to offer monetaury compensation.The compensation for human organs will open up a market for willing donors. Bibliography optn. transplant. hrsa. gov unos. org Klein, Andrew S. , MD, director of Cedars-Sinai Medical Center Declining Organ Donations, Causes Widening Need Gap, Life Science, 22 March 2010 Ahad, Ghods J. , Dr. Iranian stumper of Paid and Regulated Living-Unrelated Kidney Donation. Cjasn. asnjournals. org N. p. , n. d. Web Page 1 www. unos. org Page 2 www. optn. transplant. hrsa. gov Page 2 Andrew S. Klein, MD, director of Cedars-Sinai Medical Center

Auteurs Theory and Stanley Kubrick Essay

In this essay there will be attempted to establish Stanley Kubrick as one of the worlds beat directors by using the auteur theory witch elevates a director as not just a member of the movie crew but as the artist bringing his personal style and personality to a movie theatre. Kubricks work will be analysed in accordance with the auteur theory in early(a) to establish that he is one of the best directors in the industry.The auteur theory makes it possible for a contract to be more than a collaborative industrial suggest but makes it possible for a film to be identified by its director who is seen by the auteur theory as its ultimate creator (turner 200953). According to Kael (196312) at that place are three premises to the auteur theory the first is that a director must perk up technical competence the second that the director must have a distinguishable personality that he or she brings to her films and thirdly that interior heart is created in the film by tension between th e directors personality and the cloth he is directing.In order of a director to be perceived as an auteur he must stay true to the principles that covens the theory. Technical ability of Stanley Kubrick. Stanley Kubrick is closely known for his technical prowess, Hans Feldmann (197612) states that technically Kubrick should be considered as one of the top 3 or 4 directors in America. Kubrick is well known for using delay continues shots. In 2001 a Space Odyssey Kubrick shows the hole process of HAL disconnection.Kubrick does not phthisis Time compression or montage but shows the whole process the thought goes against the fast paste norm of Hollywood movies but Kubrick still manages to keep his interview attention. Kubrick also uses unusual shots in his films, In The Shining Kubrick places the camera instanter below Jack Nicolson, filming him form an almost vertical angel. The Shot disorientates the audience and connects to the frightening mood of the scene. Kubrick is also wel l known for making transparent use of extreme wide angled lenses.In a clockwork orange Kubrick uses wide angled lenses in both dolly and hand hald shots. (Stanley Kubrick film techniques). The use of music in Kubricks films is also go-as-you-please. In 2001 a space odyssey Kubrick uses light classical music to in contrast to the dark theme of the film. Kubrick unconventional use of camera angles, lenses and music is never done in self indulgent manner. His techniques connect to the overall theme and feel of the film. Kubrick is not unconventional for the involvement of being unconventional.Kubrick Personal style Kubrick usually confronts his audience with an unlikeable protagonist, Kubrick plays with the audience goods and gets the audience to form an emotional bond with an unlikable main reference thus commenting about the duality of right and wrong in a individual, In the promising the main protagonist of the film goes insane and tries to kill his family. In Full metal jacke t the audience form a emotional bond to a struggling private in the marines who is being bullied.The soldier subsequent goes insane killing his drill sergeant and himself. Is characters a good deal face making important decisions with moral implications. Connecting to his unlikeable characters is the coldness of his films. His characters are hard to warm up to and the overall tone and feeling of his films dont hallow audience to easily connect to the subject matter. This could be done do force the ravisher to consider and think about the subject matter and not watch the film purely for entertainment.His work does not offer essay answers put forces the audience to engage with the themes of his films. Another noticeable element of Kubricks personal style is his use of colour. He uses contrasting colours to raise the visual impact of scenes in his film, using primary colours to draw attention to objects. Kubricks use of colour gives his film a toy like surreal atmosphere. In the sh ining Kubrick uses shocking colours in the individual rooms of the hotel and the carpeting of the hallways witch contrast with the frightening dark feel of the film.In 2001 a space odyssey the film explores the complicated theme of the evolution of the human mind but the use of playful primary colours gives an uneasy feel too the film. (authentic society) Interior meaning in Kubrick films Kubrick explores deep into the philosophy about morality, his films are character studies about the workings of the modern man. According to Feldmann( 1976 12) With a Clockwork orange, 2001 A Space odyssey and Barry Lyndon Kubrick constructs a trilogy exploring the moral and psychological nature of the modern western man and the nature of the future the western civilization is moving towards.Kubricks films can create a level of confusion. Feldmann (197612) states that his work is technically brilliant and praised by film critics but is often seen as without any real substance, he leaves his film cr itics yawing. According to Feldmann(197612) Stanley Kubrick apparently has postal code clear, profound or interesting to say but he says it magnificently Feldmann continues stating that the character studies and studies into human behaviour forces his critics to take him seriously.As Kubrick himsels states I like wispy starts, starts that go under the audience skin and involves them they dont have to be pounded over the heat with plot points and suspense hooks(Kagan 20037) His work often employs character driven plots and lack of suspense which causes boredom amongst people who are use to fast pace story driven films. Kubrick believes that a real film investigates characters and the reality of life rather then telling a story. (kagan 20037).ConclusionIn using the Three premises of The auteur theory and stating how the work of Stanley Kubrick relates to them, Kubrick use of colour, lenses and shots to enhance the visual impact of his film, his use of unlikeable characters and cold t ones to get the audience to participate in his films and his character driven narratives investigating human behaviour gives his film a personal style. As an auteur Kubrick is more than just another member of the film crew he is an artist and influential to the development of motion pictures.

Collecting Theories About Motivation And Attitudes Education Essay

In this survey, the research worker discoveries and collects theories round pauperism and bearings from to a greater extent beginnings such as libraries, text edition editions, alumnus research, theses, Tai and contradictory web sites, and diaries. They enkindle be categorized into five classs as follows2.1 Background and principle of the siamese connection root2.2 Theory of Motivation2.3 Theory of office2.4 Some jobs about(predicate) larning and knowledge Tai as L12.5 Related research2.1 Background and principle of the Tai topicRattana Lucharit ( 2546 ) indicates that the Tai topic began in the Sukhothai period. It was unrivaled of quadruple part of the mastery system larning about ethical causatives and virtuousness, larning about personal instruction ( for males just now ) , larning about house-work ( for females ) and larning about general cognition. ( round foreign linguistic communicatings and overly Thai )The grey-haired manner of Thai linguistic dialogue instruction is non typeized. Even standard text editions were non provided for schoolchilds as gibeing media. Teachers would make textbooks themselves.In the Ayutthaya period, King Narai the Great realized the importance of instruction. He ordered Pra-Horatibodee to set up the first Thai text edition c aloneed Jin Da Ma Nee . This text edition was apply for larning Thai. Students started with reading normal, retrieving concluding consonants, and signifi washbowlce of words until they heap compose a indite form by themselves. As this text edition brought troubles to pupils in acquisition Jin Da Ma Nee was merely used from the Ayutthaya period until the early Rattanakosin period. Suriya Rattanakul ( 2540 11 ) provinces that Jin Da Ma Nee is the oldest Thai text edition of Thailand.After that, many Thai text editions were write to learn Tai pupils. Nowadays, the Thai topic is besides portion of the course of content of the Ministry of Education. Rattana Luchari t ( 2546 184 ) provinces that the aims of Thai acquisition and instruction be as follows To develop Thai linguistic communicating in four accomplishments listening, speech production, reading andauthorship. To understand the rudimentss of the Thai linguistic communication. To utilize the Thai linguistic communication for listening and pass oning accurately. To utilize the Thai linguistic communication suitably. To carry Thai pupils about reading wonts. To utilize the Thai linguistic communication for doing determinations. To obtain a good lieu towards the Thai linguistic communication and Thai literature larning in the context of Thai civilization.Recently, The Ministry of Education realized the importance of the Thai topic, so it announced the Development of Quality in Thai Teaching and Thai Using Scheme. Janjira P arthongkam ( 2549 342 ) provinces that there are sevener policies as follows To develop Thai instruction and acquisition in schools so pupils after part to the p rofuse larn, both Thai linguistic communication and Thai literature. Furthermore, pupils have good reading/writing wonts, researching parvenue cognition and bettering wisdom that correlates with Thai society and Thai civilization. To back up and develop Thai instructors, other staffs, and finding makers recognizing the importance of the Thai topic and besides organism a good theoretical name for pupils in utilizing Thai linguistic communication accurately. Consequently, Thai instructors should frequently larn new learning methods. The Institute of Thai Teachers Production chooses people who would wish to take a crap their calling as Thai instructors, and supports them to go specializer in the Thai linguistic communication. Consequently, they will go a qualified Thai instructor in the hereafter. To develop Thai learning AIDSs and other learning media used to assist pupils in their acquisition procedure. Enough instruction AIDSs and media should be widely distri entirelyed and th eir monetary apprise should be reduced so that more schools will be able to afford teaching resources. To back up schoolroom research, Thai instruction and learning invention for planing good-quality instruction and acquisition. To give people an chance to larning the Thai linguistic communication and utilize the Thai linguistic communication accurately. To collaborate with every parts of society to back up pupils and Thai people. There are four aims as followsTo develop pupils knowledge of Thai.To develop the cognition of Thai instructors.To do instructors come the importance of the Thai linguistic communication.To raise their concern in sustainable development of instruction and larning Thai.All of the internal informations above illustrate the importance of the Thai linguistic communication. Furthermore, the Ministry of Education continually develops the Thai topic by denoting new strategies sing Thai instruction. In contrast, larning and learning Thai in the course of think over and in the schoolroom does non follow the strategy. This might be because Thai instructors, pupils or other decision makers do non recognize the of import of our first linguistic communication plenty.To study pupils motif and attitudes towards the Thai topic is the first measure to develop the Thai capable course of study in the hereafter. If this survey can sit what are factors act uponing motor and attitudes towards the Thai topic, Thai instructors will so be able to use the research consequences to better their instruction methods.2.2 Theory of MotivationSing the surmise of origin, there are some issues refering motive and larning motive that enounced as followsThe definitions of motive.Learning motive.Understanding human motive.Promoting academic motive.The definitions of motiveMany psychologists and faculty members gave their definitions of motive as followsMcClelland, Atkinson, Clark, and Lowell ( 195328ff cited in Russell, William and Robert, 1984243 ) say motive may be defined as the ruddy integrating of a alteration in affect by a cue. Jones ( 1955 seven cited in Weiner, 19922 ) say motive has to make with why behavior gets started, is energized, is sustained, is directed, is stopped, and what sort of subjective reaction is presented in the being when all this is traveling on. schoolboyish ( 1961 24 cited in Weiner, 19921 ) defines the survey of motive loosely as a research for determiners ( all determiners ) of homo and animate being activity.Frymier ( 19746 ) indicates that motive is related to adult male s interior urges and is closely associated with his values. Motivation gives way and strength to adult male s behaviour. It significantly affects his abilities and his accomplishment.Buck ( 19765 ) says that traditionally, motive has been defined as the reign over of behaviour that is, the procedure by which behaviour is activated and directed toward some definable end. The specific nature of the get the hang varies widely harmonizi ng to the behaviour. Thus the determine mechanisms involved in simple physiological reactions, in feeding and imbibing, in fond regard and aggression, and in wonder and geographic expedition, are rather different from one another.Gardner ( 198510 ) says that motive refers to the combination of attempt sum total desire to accomplish the end of larning the linguistic communication plus favorable attitudes toward larning the linguistic communication.William ( 19881 ) negotiations about motive in larning that it is a moment-to-moment procedure that mustiness be recognized as such. New penetrations and thoughts that assist instructors in actuating pupils to larn must be continually functional, because the ultimate day-to-day duty for pupil motive rests with them. Teachers and school decision makers must consciously essay to supply an heightening environment while assisting each pupil learns how to win academically.Weiner ( 19921 ) gives his sentiment that the most across-the-board d efinition of motive is concern about why human and subhuman beings think and behave as they do.In decision, the construct of motive is about a mental province or persuasion that affects human behaviour. It is what we use when we describe the forces moving on or within an being to originate and direct behaviour. The construct of motive is besides used to recrudesce differences in the strength of behaviour. More intense behaviours are considered to be the consequence of higher(prenominal) degrees of motive. Additionally, we frequently use the construct of motive to bespeak the way of behaviour. As for this survey, William s construct of motive in acquisition is used for determine pupils larning motive.Learning MotivationLearning motive is based on the thought as Gardner ( 1985 10 ) mentioned that the extent to which the mortal works or strives to larn the linguistic communication because of a desire to make so and the satisfaction experienced in this activity . There are many po sitions about motive in larning. William ( 19882 ) references that one time you motivate a pupil, that pupil is set for life . In the same manner, one time any given pupil has been incite to make something, he/she would maintain making that thing for the remainder of their life. Motivation is a daily and moment-to-moment committedness. It requires a assortment of supportive accomplishments and schemes. If pupils are ready to larn, they will. If non, they wo nt, and cipher can coerce them ( Gardner, 198510 William,19885 ) . Encouraging pupils involvements and engagement through a supportive attack, honorable concern, and attending can animate pupils motive.Furthermore, some efficient shipway to actuate pupils is to allow them listen to a talker who can actuate pupils. Durable motive must be more than fugitive efforts to animate pupils. Motivation is best sustained through a reciprocally developed programs and advancement monitoring and rating. at any rate that, William ( 1988 3 ) provinces that attitude is 100 per centum of school success . Several factors influence school success, including place influence, self-concept, assurance, basic accomplishments, experience infer to things happened in the yesteryear, future aspirations, available aid, sensible prospect of success given current accomplishment degrees, attending, demands, feelings, and the sensed ability to act upon their fate given their best attempt.However, there is no entrance solution to the job of pupil motive. But if instructors can actuate their pupils, larning will be accomplished. To cognize a pupil s motive, the research worker has to study and observe foremost. Additionally, analyzing and reexamining human motive is the other manner to understand a pupil s motive.Understanding Human MotivationChery ( 19924 Aree Panmanee 2546 269 cited in Siripan Suwanchandee 254811 ) negotiations about motive in the schoolroom, shared from behaviour, and remarks that many theoreticians and resear ch workers point to both generic types of motive extrinsic and intrinsic.Extrinsic motive exists when persons are motivated by an impression that is external or functionally unrelated to the activity in which they are engaged. For case, in the context of school, a pupil who works hard on a study because she needs an Angstrom in order to stay eligible to play playground ball, is extrinsically motivated to compose a good study.Alternatively, intrinsic motive exists when person works with an interior desire to carry through a undertaking successfully, whether it has some external value or non. Peoples who are per se motivated to prosecute in a specific activity do non hold to be enticed into take parting in that activity. Alternatively, they actively seek chances to take part.These two points are really of import for instructors to understand. They should cognize about the differences between extrinsic and intrinsic motive in order to place and further their pupils motive in the sc hoolroom.Promoting Academic MotivationGrossnickle Don R. and Thiel William B ( 1988 ) suggest that instructors may make extrinsic motive in order to assist their pupils achieve in acquisition. Some of the undermentioned pleadments help instructors promote their pupils motive.First, is puting a course of study that is concerned with single differences and the basic cognition of pupils. It will assist if they are interest in larning. Second, instructors must larn aims and results that make pupils recognize the utility of survey and back up a good attitude towards larning. This can assist pupils carry through their survey. Third, instructors should stretch forth chances to pupils to take part in be aftering lessons and inquire for pupils feedback. This may assist promote pupils.In add-on, the schoolroom environment should be attractive for pupils to larn new things, without force per unit area or restriction of freedom. Teachers should therefore actuate their pupils by utilizing attractive media, an interesting lead to lessons, a new instruction method, or utilizing teaching AIDSs and appropriate text editions.2.3 Theory of AttitudeThere are some points about theory of attitude analyzed for this survey. The research worker collected the chief points and gave inside informations in each instance.The definitions of attitudeThe parts of attitudeAttitude measuringMaking attitude trialsThe definitions of attitudeMany psychologists and academic specializers have defined attitude as followsThe word Attitude derives from the Latin word Aptus . It means fitness or adaptedness ( Kanjana Makpoon, 254840 )Droba ( 1933 ) says that attitude is a mental temperament of the human person to move for or against a definite object.In the lexicon of psychological science, Warren ( 1934 ) said that attitude is the specific mental temperament toward an entrance or originating experience, whereby that experience is modified or, a positioning of preparedness for a certain ty pe of activity.Allport ( 1935 19-20 ) says that attitude is a mental and nervous province of preparedness, organized through experience, exercising a directive or dynamic influence upon the person s response to all objects and state of affairss with which it is related.Newcomb ( 1954 128 cited in Wanpen, 252829 ) says that attitude is imparting of passport with single experience. They are divided into two characters. They are positive attitude and damaging attitude.Guilford ( 1959223 ) says that attitude is a complicated emotion of people that is expressed in the manner of the recognized or unacceptable, love or detest.Vroom ( 196499 cited in Malinee, 254267 ) says that attitude and satisfaction can be used interchangeably, because those words mean the consequences from person to bloodline in some state of affairss and express positive attitude or negative attitude with it.Thurstone ( 1967 20 ) provinces that attitude is the affect for or against a psychological object.Bem ( 1970 14 ) says that attitude is like and dislike.Good ( 197348 ) says that attitude is the preparedness to lay out in whether manner, possibly support or against in some state of affairs with the individual or anything.Anastasi ( 1990584 cited in Kanjana Makpoon, 254840 ) says that attitude means the reaction with support in similar or unlike such as state, usage, or institutes. It can non see in straight, but it can be inferred from linguistic communication and behaviourRaweewan Aungkanurakpan ( 253312 ) says that attitude is personal inner control which intend to act in the positive/ negative ways.Aunchala Satsupap ( 25495 ) says that attitude is a belief in something which makes a positive reaction or negative reaction.In decision, attitude means satisfaction or dissactisfaction of a individual with something or person such as topographic points, people, things, or state of affairss. It can be used to foretell behaviour in the hereafter, because people tend to utilize their attitud e when make up ones minding to interpret their behaviour. The research worker applies Thurstone s and Bem s attitude definition to this survey because it is accordant with the construct of attitude parcels which is stated in the following issue ( http //www.blurtit.com/q720160.html, retrieved on 28 butt 2008 Raweewan Aungkanurakpan, 253312-13 Wattana Srisatwaja, 253426 ) .The divisors of attitudeMany psychologists, such as Rosenberk, Hovland ( 1960 cited in Theeraporn Uwanno,25352 ) Kretch, Prutchfield, and Pallachey ( 1962, cited in Raweewan Aungkanurakpan, 253312 ) and Triandis ( 1971 cited in Raweewan Aungkanurakpan, 253312 ) , back up the construct that constituents of attitude are three as follows1. Cognitive constituent It is a belief and perceptual experience of a individual towards something in a positive manner and negative manner.2. Affectional constituent It is a feeling, emotion and private values that are different in each individual. These make positive attitude or negative attitude.3. Behavioral constituent It is a individual s preparedness to react behaviorally to the object.Harmonizing to this construct, it is believed that based on Plato s construct, viz. human head consists of three constituents idea, feelings, and conation ( Allport, 1985 cited in Theerapon Uwanno,25354 ) .On the other manus, late, the construct of constituent of attitude which is celebrated back uping by Thurstone ( 1959, Insko 1967, Bem 1970, Fishbein & A Ajzen 1975 cited in Raweewan Aungkanurakpan, 253313 ) province that attitude has merely one constituent like or dislike feelings towards psychological objects. The research worker applies this construct to this survey because many societal psychologists believe that it is the most of import portion of attitude which can take to understand and predict homo s behaviours and they define the attitude definition as the affectional constituent ( Theerawut Akakul, 25498 ) .Attitude MeasurementSubin Yurarat ( hypertext tr ansfer communications protocol //www.student.chula.ac.th/43846691/attitudetheory.doc parity 50, retrieved on 25 Feb. 2007 ) observes that there are many ways to mensurate attitude. Each manner is developed by many psychologists. Some ways of mensurating attitude are as followsAt the beginning, observation is one manner to mensurate an attitude. It uses ears and eyes to detect another individual s behaviour towards something, and to gyre up that primary informations for analysis. It is divided into two types direct observation and indirect observation ( Raweewan Aungkanurakpan, 2533 17-18 ) . The consequences can bespeak a individual s attitude.Furthermore, interview is besides an attitude measuring, where the interviewer should fix the inquiries before get downing the interview to acquire the clearest information. In some instances, nevertheless, we may non acquire the existent information. Therefore, interview should partially used as attitude measuring, along with other methods.F urthermore, there are some other ways to mensurating attitude. Self-reporting is ever invented in graduated tables such as Thurstone scales, Lickert scales, Osgood graduated tables, Bogardus scales, Guttman scales, and the smiling faces graduated tables. As a projective technique, it is attitude measuring that participant have to give sentiment about images they see. Likewise, making psychological undertakings can besides mensurate attitude. Social psychologists believe that human behaviour originates from attitudes or feelings in each individual.The farthest 1 is the physical reactions of worlds, such as reactions to electric daze, look intoing bosom round per minute, and iris expansion. The societal psychologists say survey consequences indicate the relationship between strength or appendage of attitude and physical reaction. They do non speak about good or bad attitude.Those methods are non recommended as the best manner to mensurate attitude, as it depends on the aim of what is being measured and what consequences you seek. For the method that the research worker uses in this survey is the observation, interviewings and self-reporting.Making attitude trialJittraporn s survey ( 254338 and Theerawut Akakul, 254956 ) refers to making a Likert scale attitude trial as follows Considering whose attitude the research worker wants to mensurate, towards what, and clearly gives the definition of attitude and the aims what the research worker wants to mensurate. Composing the obvious sentence structure cover in each point. The inquiries must inquire about respondents feelings or beliefs. Likert ( 1967 90 ) suggests the building a questionnaire should be as followsIn the paragraph, it is non a fact, but it is written in the footings of feelings or purpose to make something.In the paragraph, to set both positive and negative statements every bit.In each point, it should be clear, short and light to understand.So the creative activity of an instrumental attitude tr ial, all of the inside informations above should be considered. This instrument will be efficient and can be used in a existent state of affairs.For this survey, the research worker adopts those methods to make a questionnaire for mensurating attitude and motive.2.4 Some jobs about larning and learning Thai as L1Jantarat Anansantiporn ( 2548 ) and Amara Prasitrattasin ( 2548 ) province that Thai is a linguistic communication which we use to pass on in day-to-day life, but people are non really interested in it. There are some jobs about larning and learning Thai divided into three chief points. The first is Thai instructors jobs, the second 1 is pupils jobs, and the last is involved in learning AIDSs.Mentioning to Thai instructors attitude job, Thai instructors do non hold adequate support from decision makers, such as a opportunity to analyze abroad. It makes Thai instructors less enthusiastic, due to the fact that they do non see hereafter in their calling. Sometimes the person ality/appearance of Thai instructors besides looks self-conscious or uneasy.Actually, instructors think that good instruction is to assist pupils to go through the test. They do non learn the pupils to use their cognition to utilize in the existent state of affairss. Particularly, the memorizing method is frequently used. From my experience, the pupils are bored and the instructors are besides bored to learn, in every bit much as many Thai instructors at each school have a heavy work load. Therefore, they are non motivated to develop their instruction accomplishments or new learning methods and this reduced their instruction quality.Tai instructors believes being a Thai instructor is non interesting for pupils, so it makes them less motivated in giving their attempt in learning. Some instructors besides lack Thai instruction accomplishments. Students, hence, may hold less regard for instructors. Some of instructors ddo non pattern truth in Thai plenty, but they have to learn Thai. They think anyone can learn Thai. Other instructors do non collaborate with Thai instructors when their pupils use Thai falsely. They ever think it is Thai instructor s province to learn pupils how to utilize Thai accurately. Not merely Thai instructors, but in fact all instructors should remind and rectify when their pupils use Thai falsely.Additionally, some Thai instructors have been learning for a long clip and do non desire to develop their accomplishments. Rangsan Klinkaew ( 2550 hypertext transfer protocol //www.perfs pot.com/blog.asp? id=23CAA779-0ADF-4B2B-9D7D-BB3036156D6 & A BlogId=28732, retrieved on 29 March 2008 ) states that instructors who use the same method, makes pupils bored.Furthermore, instructors do non back up pupils in researching their sentiments, are unfriendly, and are excessively much reliant upon the regulations since they themselves lack experience and cognition in learning Thai. Besides, single differences of pupils are non taken into history. For il lustration, smart pupils can be bored and weaker pupils may non maintain up with others.Besides, learning Thai is non unvarying, for illustration, teacher A Teachs Thai linguistic communication accomplishments and instructor B teaches Thai literature. In add-on, in learning Thai use, Thai instructors do non promote pupils to pattern all four accomplishments.In footings of the testing frequence Teachers frequently test at the terminal of school twelvemonth or semester. This does non uncover the existent proficiency of pupils.The 2nd issue about pupils job, in the article of Panthanee Vihokto ( 2538 ) about learning and larning Thai jobs, indicates that pupils have a bad attitude towards the Thai topic. They do non hold duty. They do non hold involvement in larning Thai, nor do they recognize its importance as they think it is their female parent lingua. They do non believe it is necessary to larn because they can automatically use/speak Thai. Consequently, they focus on other topics such as Mathematicss, Science, or Foreign linguistic communications.In fact the Daily intelligence ( 2550,12 November20 ) points out that pupils deficiency Thai linguistic communication accomplishments, particularly composing. Possibly this is because they do nt frequently utilize and pattern it or they use it merely merely when they study at school. Cipher encourages them to rectify their errors. When they say something incorrect, instructors frequently blame or knock, but do non butencourage them. Furthermore, pupils who come from a rural sylvan and usage idiom find that analyzing linguistic communication requires attempts. Therefore, they feel that the Thai topic is excessively hard. Although they work hard on larning Thai, their consequences are still worse than those of other topics. These consequences in pupils being bored, lack inspiration, and disregard the Thai topic.One of the solutions for the job is utilizing learning AIDSs. It is a tool that helps instructors to l earn in a more effectual manner. However, there are besides some jobs with learning AIDSs which are summarized as followsJantarat Anansantiporn ( 2548 ) surveies about pupils satisfaction of larning Thai. She states that Thai instructors do nt utilize learning AIDSs decently. though they are necessary, it is adequate if they have a chalkboard and chalk. When they can non utilize, or do non cognize how to use, learning AIDSs, they merely work out this job by non utilizing them. They think that Thai learning AIDSs are non interesting compared with learning AIDSs of other topics for case, a research lab is more interesting than word cards because pupils can use their hearing and composing accomplishments at the same clip.In fact, in wider society, the information is an importance portion of believing procedure. Many resources, for case, cyberspace, e-books, ocular stuffs are prompts for instructors, but so instructors gain the information merely from text editions ( Department of Cu rriculum and Development 104 ) .Apart from the jobs already given, there are some general jobs, for case, the deficiency of learning AIDSs ( Thaipost 2007, 27 July hypertext transfer protocol //www.drkalaya. com/education.php? newsid=579, retrieved on 30 March 2008 Pantanee Vihokto 2538 ) , the deficiency of pupil suites, noise, deficiency of support by decision makers, and decision makers do non back up outside instruction, because they will hold to react to more undertakings. These jobs hamper efficient instruction.2.5 Related ResearchTo analyze pupils motive and attitude towards the Thai topic, the research worker reviewed related research which supports and proves the theory of motive and attitude. They are as followsAbout larning attitude and motive, Rugsiri Sithdichoke ( 2531 ) studied the Relationship Between Attitude Towards Thai undefendable and Achievement in Learning Thai Subject of Students in The Colleges of Physical Education. The intent of this research is to analy ze attitude towards the Thai topic of pupils in the colleges of physical instruction and to analyze the relationship between attitude towards the Thai topic and accomplishment in larning the Thai topic of pupils in the colleges of physical instruction. The model conclave consisted of 530 pupils, used bunch random trying from the colleges of physical instruction. The questionnaires about Attitude towards Thai Subject Test, Thai Grammar Test, and Thai Literature Test are the instruments. The consequences show that the pupils in the colleges of physical instruction had positive attitudes towards Thai Subject.Furthermore, Rattana Thinklao ( 2533 ) surveies of Thai instructors instruction behaviours, attitudes towards supervising, and the academic accomplishment of the pupils instructed by the instructor who were supervised in equal clinical and peer concentional supervising in Cholburi secondary school. The try out gathering is 18 Thai instructors and 564 pupils from Matthayom Suks a 3, divided into 2 pigeonholings an experimental group ( 9 Thai instructors and 290 pupils ) and a control group ( 9 Thai instructors and 274 pupils ) .The instrumental research is by questionnaire and observation. The consequences show that Thai instructors behaviour in the experiment group has higher than the control group. Students accomplishments in experiment group and control group had no difference.In add-on, Khachornsri Jatikananda ( 2533 ) surveies of the relationship between larning accomplishment and attitudes towards the methods of learning Thai linguistic communication of Matthayom Suksa 2 pupils through mini-course and the instructor s manual of the educational techniques section. The sample group is 80 pupils at the secondary presentation school of Srinakaharinwirot University in Bangkok, is divided into two groups of 40 pupils each. The experimental group is taught by mini-course and the control group is taught by utilizing instructor s manual. The consequence sh ows that the experimental group has higher larning accomplishment than the control group but the attitude of pupils between the experimental group and the control group are non different.Besides, Jittraporn Duangjumpol ( 2543 ) surveies the effects of utilizing reading workshop solicitude procedure on Thai linguistic communication reading comprehension ability and attitudes towards reading Thai linguistic communication of Mathayom Suksa two pupils in Bangkok Metropolis. The sample group is pupils in Matthayom 2, Prakanoung Pithayalai school and they are divided into two groups. One group used the normal method, and another group used the reading workshop direction procedure. The consequences show that pupils who are taught by utilizing the reading workshop direction procedure have a good attitude and accomplish higher mark than pupils who are taught by utilizing the normal method.Similarly, Patamathida Najaikong ( 2544 ) surveies about the effects of the mind-mapping and self-regul ation on attitudes and Thai linguistic communication larning accomplishment of Mathayom Suksa 1 pupils. The sample group is 60 pupils in Matthayom Suksa 1, Borployratchadapisek school, was licentiously divided into four groups. Each group consists of 15 pupils. Group 1 is assigned to pattern utilizing head function technique. Group 2 is assigned to pattern utilizing self-regulation. Group 3 is assigned to pattern both of head function technique and self-regulation. Group 4 surveies in normal method. The consequences show that pupils who pattern utilizing the head function technique and self-regulation have a good attitude towards Thai topic. Furthermore, their tonss are besides higher than pupils who are taught the normal method. As for larning motive, Chonthon Ruamtham ( 2533 ) surveies Matthayom Suksa 2 pupil s Thai linguistic communication accomplishment and motive the direction based on reply hunting activities and instructor s manual activities. The sample group consists of 10 0 Buddhajak Wittaya school pupils who are every bit divided into two groups. The same content is taught to both groups for 16 periods of 50 proceedingss. The research design of the experiment is the pretest-posttest design. The consequence shows that the academic accomplishment of the experimental group is higher than the controlled group, but the learning motives in Thai linguistic communication of the two groups are non different.Then, Kanchana Makpoon ( 2548 ) surveies the effects of direction utilizing the plot line method on Thai linguistic communication larning accomplishment and attitude towards direction of Mathayom Suksa 2 pupils. The sample group consists of pupils in Mathayom Suksa 2, Cholburee Sukkhaboj school, is divided into two groups. Experimental group one consists of 47 pupils utilizing plot line and experimental group two consists of 47 pupils, utilizing the normal method. The consequences show that experimental group one, utilizing the plot line method have a goo d attitude and accomplish higher acquisition accomplishment than group two.Similarly, foreign research about larning attitude is studied by Colin Baker ( 1992 ) . He studied the attitude of the Welsh towards their linguistic communication. He compared his research over the old two old ages. The sample group is 11-14 old ages old pupils who studied in secondary school degree 1, 2 and 3. In another research, sample group is 13-16 old ages old pupils who studied in secondary school, degree 4, 5 and 6. The consequence shows that male s positive attitude was somewhat disgrace than that of their female opposite numbers.Some research about larning motive are studied by Noppadol Buasai ( 2545 ) and Anchala Satsuphap ( 2549 ) . They besides study a comparing of Matthayom Suksa 1 and 3 pupils reading public presentation and motive in larning Thai by utilizing sketch lesson programme and the instructor s manual. In the survey by Noppadol, he uses 80 pupils from Pasanusorn Bangkhae school as the sample group. Likewise, Anchala Satsuphap, uses 96 pupils from Matthayom Suksa 3 Srivikorn school. Each research besides divided into two groups an experimental group, and a controlled group. Cartoon lessons are used to learn the experimental group, whereas instructors manual is used to learn the other 1. The consequence of Noppadol and Anchala shows that the ability of reading public presentation and motive in larning Thai between the experimental group and the control group are different, that is, pupils ability of reading and motive in larning Thai in the experimental group is higher than the control group.Unless larning attitudes and motive, the surveies about Thai instruction and acquisition jobs are studied by Watcharee Srikham ( 2535 ) . She surveies jobs and learning demands of Thai III instructors. The sample group dwelling of 60 Thai instructors from Vocational and Technical College in four parts of Thailand is classified by learning experiences. The consequence show s that Thai instructors need the instruction techniques and supervising at the high degree. The same as Srichan Wichatong ( 2542 ) surveies on the analysis of Rajabhat Phranakhon pupils mistakes. The sample group consists of 1152 pupils who register in the Thai Usage class 1540201. They are assigned to compose the essay within 60 proceedingss. The consequence shows that pupils mistakes, harmonizing to the frequence of happening, are spelling, words use, word order, pauses, punctuation, the usage of etc. , abbreviations and figures.These are the related research on motive and attitude of pupils towards linguistic communication acquisition. However, cipher has researched the motive and attitudes of pupils towards the Thai topic. Therefore, the research worker thinks that my survey will be the first measure to assist instructors and decision makers develop and better the Thai capable course of study in the hereafter.

Nursing Reflection

Going back through previous experiences and tracing back the footsteps we have admit allows us to reminisce about the good things that have happened in our lives. Somehow the undesirable memories would also seep in as they are part and mail boat of our existence that we cannot do away with. This process gives us an opportunity to encounter past events that can necessarily aid us in the future. In the treat charge, reflection is a retrospective approach that evaluates historical processing of experiences that takes place in a bodily structured form and is deemed highly essential (Eliis, Kenworthy and Gates, 2003, 156).In the clinical do, this retrospective activity facilitates in the promotion of quality care. The art of reflection however in the nursing practice focus on self quite a than on the situation as the care provider (Quinn, 2000, 252). The process is a ruminative practice that is a cognitive act by which we are allowed to make sense of our thoughts and memories (Tay lor, 2000, 43).This method therefore allows a practiti onenessr to generate a complementary or alternative form of knowledge and a set of choices in the evaluation of the best course of action. It is a deep learning experience that reflects on our knowledge and theories and go beyond merely thinking about what we do but involves recalling what had occurred and analyzing the situation by interpreting important information recalled (Taylor, 2000, 4).In Nursing, the reflective process is aimed about our own practice (Taylor, 20000, 3) that nursing education and look cannot do without as a common practice in the learning mechanism in which we all engage in a regular introduction (Slevin and Basford, 2000, 483). With a main purpose of enabling the practitioner to learn from experiences and increase clinical effectiveness, reflection is highly essential to the nursing practice.For this process to be effective, put-ons has provided a run awayd reflection which employs different models of self-inquiry to enable a practitioner to realize desirable and effective practice (20023). Considering that this involves a cognitive and emotional component that is express through analysis, different models would aid us feel comfortable about the activity. put-ons model can be used in proviso for or during clinical supervision and applicable to specific incidents quite than more general day to day issues and particularly applicable to those who prefer a structure approach (Ellis, Kenworthy and Gates, 155).Gibbs Model use term description rather than a beget to the entire experience as a form of reflection is considered as a simpler method but one where a mentor or facilitator is likely needed(Davies, Bullman and Finlay, 2000, 84). Both models however in supervision practice can be used to facilitate clinical governance through the promotion of quality care where an exchange between two professionals employing this technique seeks to improve their practice (Watkins, Edwards and Gastrell, 2003, 266).To increase the potential benefits of clinical supervision, nurses have to learn to be comfortable with this retrospective activity with the aid of Gibbs or Johns models depending on where one feels about comfortable operative with (Ellis, Kenworthy and Gates, 156).Gibbs Model for reflectionAs a simple and easily attainable method, Gibbs model uses term description rather than a return to a previous experience (Davies, Bullman and Finlay, 84). In psychology and teaching, reflection facilitates as purposeful change and competencies such as psychological-mindedness and self-regulation (Clutterback and Lane, 2004, 196). Usually this process involves a mentor, teacher or supervisor working with a student at different stage while allowing for individuality.Although less specific than re-evaluating an experience Gibbs in his cycle or reflection makes the action planning a more overt component of reflection (Davies, Bullman and Finlay, 84). Gibbs provides that in ones own practice, an essential aspect of working as an autonomous practitioner involves a critical analysis of ones role and responsibilities from a personal perspective (Gibbs, 1998,13). It is a process that requires others to scram involved that encourages feedback and constructive comment to recognize your role and value in a health team (Humphris and Masterson, 2000, 77).Johns Model for reflectionJohns model uses the concept of guided reflection to describe a structure supportive approach that helps the practitioner learn from their reflections and experiences (Quinn, 2000, 572). The approach involves the use of a model of structure reflection, one-on-one group supervision and the keeping of a reflective diary (Quinn, 572). The practice would aid the practitioner in learning from a reflection of their experiences. Johns model is more detailed as it provides a checklist of specific points necessary for reflection (Davies, Bullman and Finlay, 85).The save problem cited with Johns model if it imposes on a framework that is external to the practitioner leaving little scope for inclusion as cite by other theories. Johns model can be used in preparation and during clinical supervision consisting of 6 steps that is applicable t specific incidents rather than more generalized day to day issues facing the supervisee (Ellis, Kenworthy and Gates, 155). This model is highly attractive to those who prefer a structured approach but others may incur this type more restricting (Ellis, Kenworthy and Gates, 156).Criticisms against the reflective processReflection involves cognitive and emotional components that are expressed through analysis and to maximize the potential benefits of the clinical supervisor nurses have to learn to feel comfortable with this retrospective activity both during and in preparation for supervision sessions (Ellis, Kenworth and Gates, 157). This could be deemed timeconsuming in an institution where time is often an important element in the delivery of care. A time for reflection can be done positively only when a situation or a need arises. This is probably why reflection method is considered a radical approach to nursing education and practice given the ample time training can afford (Slevin and Basford, 483).Yet reflection is valuable if done in partnership with someone else which led Davies et al to believe that the approach is quasi-therapeutic (Davies, Bullman and Finlay, 86). The principles have been transferred directly from client-centered psychotherapy and may trigger more powerful responses such as guilt and anxiety. Practitioners are therefore evaluated in front they are given a chance to try this one out according to conservative studies. notwithstanding with practice, it is assumed that a reflective process may not hold as much negative impact for the learned practitioner in an answer to the demands for a continuous review of a practice in a critical and analytical manner that support the reflective co ncept.The Value of Reflection for the Student NurseAs an essential component of academic practice, reflection, reflection is a method for generating a complementary alternative form of knowledge and theory (Humphris and Masterson, 200078). Regardless of any negative criticism a reflective method may elicit from critics, I consider this to be a valuable tool. For the student, this is a process were one internally examines and explores an issue of concern triggered by an experience that clarifies the meaning of perspectives (Canham and Bennett, 2001, 185). The nursing practice has been surrounded by a world of silence and reflection is a way for nurses to reflect that is enhanced and introduced in the nursing curriculum (Guzzetta, 1998, 102).Often in the professional practice, nurses have encouraged silence among themselves in their health environment and setting while usually developing a shared professional vox with her team. Oftentimes, her relationship with the rest of the heal th team and other professionals faced difficult efforts because of the autonomy. The process of reflection allows one to assembly line out her sentiments and ideas within her group or to a mentor or a supervisor during moments of reflection that could be produced as a shared voice for the team.Developing a habit of reflection is therefore a must for nursing education in order to get out dimensions of experiences such as incomprehensible and explicit meanings of behavior that can aid a student nurse in identifying her own perspective of the nursing practice that is highly useful in her entry to the profession (Guzzetta, 1998, 103).For a student in nursing, one must therefore develop a habit of reflection in order to uncover experiences and the meaning of behavior, values and thoughts that could readily prepare one for professional practice. It should be noted that the reflective process can helpfully aid in teamwork where one has the chance to relay sentiments after reflection of her past experience.Nursing education must therefore develop and evaluate innovative strategies to prepare nurses to meet the challenges of the rapidly changing health care system and for lifelong learning (Johns and Freshwater, 1998, 149).Reflection and reflective practice are currently receiving attention as a strategy tho little is known about the process of becoming a reflective thinker, how to teach skills needed for reflection, or the barriers and facilitators to becoming a reflective practitioner (Clutterback and Lane, 2004, 198). However a reflection process is worthy of study and practice that should initially be started and adapted as a core training for everyone wishing to professionally practice nursing as a positive way to analyze the development of reflective practice abilities.BibliographyCanham, Judith and Bennett, JoAnne, 2001, Mentoring in Community Nursing Challenges and Opportunities, Blackwell, London, 2001.Clutterback, David and Lane,Gill, 2004, The Situation al Mentor An planetary Review of Competencies and Capabilities in Mentoring, GowerHouse, London.Davies, Celia, Bullman, Anne and Finlay, Linda, 2000, Changing Practice in Health and Social Care, Sage, London.Ellis, Roger, Kenworthy, Neil and Gates, Bob, 2003, Interpersonal Communication in Nursing Theory and Practice, Elsevier Sciences, Orlando.Gibbs, Graham, 1998, Learning by Doing A Guide to Teaching and Learning Methods, Oxford, London.Guzzetta, Cathie, 1998,Essential Readings in Holistic Nursing, Jones Bartlett, Maryland.Humphris, Debra and Masterson, Abigail Masterson, 2000, Developing New Clinical Roles A Guide for Health Professionals, Elsevier, Florida.Johns, Christopher, 2002, Guided Reflection Research in Practice, Blackwell Publishing, Perth.Johns, Christopher and Freshwater, Dawn, 1998, Transforming Nursing Through Reflective Practice. Blackwell, Perth.Quinn, Francis M. 2000, The Principles and Practice of Nurse Education, 4rth ed., Nelson Thorne, London.Slevin, Oliver and Basford, Lynn, 2003, Theory and Practice of Nursing An Integrated Approach to Caring Practice, Nelson Thomas, London.Taylor Beverly, 2000, Reflective Practice A guide for Nurses and Midwives, Allen and Unwin, St. Leonard.Watkins, Dianne, Edwards, Judy and Gastrell,Pam, 2003, Community Health Nursing Frameworks for Practice, Elsevier Sciences, Orlando.

Basic Functions of a Network Management System.

C H A P T E R 6 Chapter Goal Become familiar with the basic functions of a profits prudence system. Network counseling Basics Introduction This chapter describes functions common to most meshwork- oversight architectures and protocols. It also presents the five abstract areas of counsel as defined by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). Subsequent chapters in Part IX, Network trouble, address specific network solicitude technologies, protocols, and platforms in more detail. What Is Network Management?Network management means different things to different people. In some cases, it involves a solitary network consultant proctoring network activity with an noncurrent protocol analyzer. In other cases, network management involves a distri yeted database, autopolling of network devices, and high-end workstations generating real-time graphical views of network topology changes and traffic. In general, network management is a service that employs a variety of tools, applications, and devices to assist human network managers in varaning and maintaining networks. A Historical PerspectiveThe early 1980s saw tremendous involution in the area of network deployment. As companies realized the cost benefits and productivity gains created by network technology, they began to add networks and expand existing networks almost as speedily as new network technologies and products were introduced. By the mid-1980s, certain companies were experiencing growing pains from deploying many different (and sometimes incompatible) network technologies. The problems associated with network expansion coin twain day-to-day network operation management and strategic network growth planning.Each new network technology requires its own target of experts. In the early 1980s, the staffing requirements simply for managing large, heterogeneous networks created a crisis for many organizations. An urgent need arose for automated network management (including what is typically called network capacity planning) integrated across diverse environments. Internetworking Technologies vade mecum 1-58705-001-3 6-1 Chapter 6 Network Management Architecture Network Management Basics Network Management Architecture Most network management architectures use the akin basic structure and set of relationships.End stations (managed devices), such as computer systems and other network devices, run software that enables them to send alerts when they recognize problems (for example, when one or more user-determined thresholds are exceeded). Upon receiving these alerts, management entities are programmed to react by executing one, several, or a group of actions, including operator notification, event logging, system shutdown, and automatic attempts at system repair. Management entities also behind poll end stations to check the values of certain variables.Polling can be automatic or user-initiated, but agents in the managed devices respond to all polls. Agents are software modules that first compile information about the managed devices in which they reside, then store this information in a management database, and finally provide it (proactively or reactively) to management entities within network management systems (NMSs) via a network management protocol. Well-known network management protocols imply the Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) and Common Management Information Protocol (CMIP).Management proxies are entities that provide management information on behalf of other entities. work out 6-1 depicts a typical network management architecture. Figure 6-1 A Typical Network Management Architecture Maintains Many Relationships Network management system (NMS) Management entity Network management protocol Network Agent Agent Agent Proxy Management database Management database Management database Managed devices ISO Network Management Model The ISO has contributed a great deal to network standardization.Its network management mode l is the primary means for understanding the major functions of network management systems. This model consists of five conceptual areas, as discussed in the next sections. Internetworking Technologies handbook 6-2 1-58705-001-3 Chapter 6 Network Management Basics ISO Network Management Model Performance Management The goal of transaction management is to measure and make available various aspects of network transaction so that internetwork consummateance can be maintained at an acceptable level.Examples of performance variables that might be provided include network throughput, user response times, and line enjoyment. Performance management involves three main steps. First, performance data is gathered on variables of interest to network administrators. Second, the data is analyzed to determine normal (baseline) levels. Finally, attach performance thresholds are determined for each important variable so that transcendent these thresholds indicates a network problem worthy of attention. Management entities continually monitor performance variables.When a performance threshold is exceeded, an alert is generated and sent to the network management system. Each of the steps just described is part of the process to set up a reactive system. When performance becomes unacceptable because of an exceeded user-defined threshold, the system reacts by move a message. Performance management also permits proactive methods For example, network simulation can be used to project how network growth will affect performance metrics. Such simulation can alert administrators to impending problems so that counteractive measures can be taken.Configuration Management The goal of configuration management is to monitor network and system configuration information so that the effects on network operation of various versions of hardware and software elements can be track and managed. Each network device has a variety of version information associated with it. An engineering workst ation, for example, whitethorn be configured as follows Operating system, edition 3. 2 Ethernet interface, Version 5. 4 TCP/IP software, Version 2. 0 NetWare software, Version 4. 1 NFS software, Version 5. 1 Serial communications controller, Version 1. X. 25 software, Version 1. 0 SNMP software, Version 3. 1 Configuration management subsystems store this information in a database for easy access. When a problem occurs, this database can be searched for clues that may help solve the problem. Accounting Management The goal of accounting management is to measure network utilization parameters so that individual or group uses on the network can be regulated appropriately. Such regulation minimizes network problems (because network resources can be apportioned based on resource capacities) and maximizes the equity of network access across all users.Internetworking Technologies Handbook 1-58705-001-3 6-3 Chapter 6 Review Questions Network Management Basics As with performance man agement, the first step toward appropriate accounting management is to measure utilization of all important network resources. Analysis of the results provides insight into current usage patterns, and usage quotas can be set at this point. Some correction, of course, will be required to reach optimal access practices. From this point, ongoing measurement of resource use can yield cathexis information as well as information used to assess continued fair and optimal resource utilization.Fault Management The goal of fault management is to detect, log, notify users of, and (to the extent possible) automatically fix network problems to keep the network running effectively. Because faults can cause downtime or unacceptable network degradation, fault management is perhaps the most widely implemented of the ISO network management elements. Fault management involves first determining symptoms and isolating the problem. Then the problem is fixed and the resultant role is tested on all-impo rtant subsystems.Finally, the detection and resolution of the problem is recorded. Security Management The goal of security management is to control access to network resources harmonize to local guidelines so that the network cannot be sabotaged (intentionally or unintentionally) and sensitive information cannot be accessed by those without appropriate authorization. A security management subsystem, for example, can monitor users logging on to a network resource and can refuse access to those who enter inappropriate access codes.Security management subsystems work by class network resources into authorized and unauthorized areas. For some users, access to any network resource is inappropriate, mostly because such users are usually company outsiders. For other (internal) network users, access to information originating from a particular department is inappropriate. Access to Human Resource files, for example, is inappropriate for most users outside the Human Resources department. S ecurity management subsystems perform several functions.They identify sensitive network resources (including systems, files, and other entities) and determine mappings between sensitive network resources and user sets. They also monitor access points to sensitive network resources and log inappropriate access to sensitive network resources. Review Questions QName the different areas of network management. AConfiguration, accounting, fault, security, and performance. QWhat are the goals of performance management? A quantify and make available various aspects of network performance so that internetwork performance can be maintained at an acceptable level.QWhat are the goals of configuration management? AMonitor network and system configuration information so that the effects on network operation of various versions of hardware and software elements can be tracked and managed. QWhat are the goals of accounting management? Internetworking Technologies Handbook 6-4 1-58705-001-3 Chapter 6 Network Management Basics Review Questions AMeasure network utilization parameters so that individual or group uses on the network can be regulated appropriately. QWhat are the goals of fault management?ADetect, log, notify users of, and automatically fix network problems to keep the network running effectively. QWhat are the goals of security management? AControl access to network resources according to local guidelines so that the network cannot be sabotaged and so that sensitive information cannot be accessed by those without appropriate authorization. Internetworking Technologies Handbook 1-58705-001-3 6-5 Chapter 6 Review Questions Network Management Basics Internetworking Technologies Handbook 6-6 1-58705-001-3

Organisational Behavior Notes Essay

Definition* The study of human conduct, attitudes and per constituteance within institutional setting to mitigate performance and differences. * Frame inclines of theories, methods and rationales from disciplines such as psychology, sociology, political * The physical compositional IcebergThe study of organisational doings embraces, therefore an understanding of* The nature and purpose of the organisation* The human element and behaviour of large number* Business strategy, organisational processes and the execution of pop off* The process of forethought as an integrating and co-ordinating activity* Social responsibilities and business ethics* The external surroundings of which the organisation is part of and* The need for organisation success and survival.The Pyschological Contract* The PC is not a formal written document that is referred to but a people organisation relationship where mutual expectations and gratification of c on the whole for be implied.* Important to e nhance the level of trust and teamwork.* Human capital to be seen as a accountability and a resources to be added to* Two observations in human behaviour at work* Peter Principle* Parkinsons law../2The pyschological contract likely examples of case-by-case and organisational expectations mortals expectations of the organisation* Provide safe and hygienic working conditions.* Make every reasonable effort to provide job security measures.* effort to provide ch all toldenging and satisfying jobs, and reduce alienating aspects of work. * Adopy equitable human resource management policicies and procedures. * watch the role of trade union officials and staff representatives. * chaffer fully with staff and allow genuine participation in decisions which affect them. * Implement best practice in equal opportunity policies and precedures. * Reward all staff fairly according to their contribution and performance. * Provide reasonable opportunities for personal development and c beer pro gression. * Treat members of staff wit respect.* Demonstrate an understanding and kind attitude towards personal problems of staff. governments Expectations of the Individual* Uphold the ideology of the organisation and the corporate image. * Work diligently in pursuit of organisational objectives. * Adhere to the rules, policicies and procedures of the organisation. * Respect the reasonable authority of senior members of staff. * Not to take advantage of goodwill shown by the management. * Be responsive to the leadership influence.* Demonstrate loyalty, respect confidentiality and not fink positions of trust. * Maintain harmonious relationships with work colleagues. * Not to abuse organisational facilities such as email or internet access. * Observe reasonable and acceptable standards of dress and appearance. * press out respect and consolidation to customers and suppliers. A pyshcological contract is not only measured in m wizardtary honour or in exchange of goods or services, it is in essence the exchange or sharing beliefs and value, expectations and satisfactions. Mutuality is the base principle of the pyshcological contract and consensus or mutual understanding is the basis of mutuality.Ideally therefore self-concern should be balanced with common interest in a win-win arrangement. In the past this unspoken contract might view as implied that employees could expect job security and adequate rewards from their employer in exchange for hard work and loyalty. Todays pyshological contract may be different, in line with a changed working environment that includes movers such as increased rationalism, technological changes, and management aproaches such as outsourcing. The new pyschological contract may revolve much around an employers willingness to give ear you in developing your skills to order to maintain your marketability.The Peter PrincipleThis is concerned with the study of occupational incompetence and the study of hierarchies. In a hierarchy every employee be givens to rise to their level of incompetence. Employees competence in their postion are promoted and competence is each new position qualifies for promotion to the next highest posotion until a position of incompetence is reached. The principle is based on perceived incompetence in all levels of every hierarchy political, legal, educational and industrial and ways in whcih employees move upwards through a hierarchy and what happens to them after promotion.Peter suggests tow main means by which a person can make their promotion rate. Pull and press out. * Pull is an employees relationship by blood, marriage and acqaintance with a person above the employee in the hierarchy. * Push is sometimes manifested by an abnormal interest in study, vocational training and self-improvement. In small hierarchies push may have a marginal effect in accelerating promotion in larger hierarchies the effect is minimal. Pull is therefore, likely to be more effective than Push.Pa rkinsons LawA major feature of PL is that of the rising pyramid, that is Work expands so as to need the time available for its completion. There is little, if both, relationship between the quantity of work to be done and the number of staff doing it. Underlying this tendency are dickens statements * An official wants to multiply subordinates, not rivals* Officials make work for each otherWhat is driving leaders & organisations behaviour?* The continuous splendor that consumers base on value of product and service. * The diverse workforce is as well an important factor that drives organisational behaviour. * Consumers expect that organisation understands their needs and unwraps top quality products at best price possible. These demands rear leaders in a challenged position by domestic and global markets and competition.What are organisational factors?* Organisational factors may be identified as the organisational environment, structure & role* Individual distinctions, grou p behaviour* Overall decision making* The change processes adopted by the organisationThe fast momentum in any industry highlights the importance of the leader to align the human resources with the organisational factors.Framing the Organisational behaviourOrganisational behaviour may be studied under the following main contributors* The environment* The soulfulness in the organisation* Group behaviour and interpersonal influence* Organisational processOrganisational environment is the external and internal environment, the legal and political constraints, economic, technological changes and development all have an impact on the decisions that are taken by the management. The individual is the foundation of the organisation performance. This should therefore highlight the importance of managing individual behaviour at any level of the organisation. There are 3 important influences that mould the individual behaviour.1. Individual characteristics2. Individual motivation3. RewardsGr oup behaviourGroups may form all intentionally by managerial decisions or form out of individual efforts. * Formal groups are groups that were intentionally created by managerial decisions * Informal groups are groups that form out of common interests and friendships that may have a negative or positive effect and therefore affect the organisation or individual performance. * Organisational processes are the communication, the decision making and the leadership elements that the organisation fosters as part of its last and which in turn have an impact on the general performance of the individual and collective behaviour.Factors of organisation processCommunication process is the ability of management to receive, transmit and act on education. The information integrates the internal activities with the external demand and information also integrates internally the activities of the organisation.Decision making processDecisions by managers have a direct impact on the employees well being, the organisations resources and the design and implementation of rules in a organisation. This should illustrate the importance of managers to communicate, assess and analyse the feedback of decisions and practises in the organisation.Leadership processLeaders in an organisation may be managers and non- managers. The manager may not always be the leader, yet leadership skills contribute in attaining the set goals. Some people believe that leadership styles should shift according to the situation, other believe that one style of leadership is effective in most situations.Importance of effectiveness* Surviving in the environment* Organisation ages- it forms, develops, matures and declinesImportance of the Dimension of TimeQuality, productivity, efficiency, satisfaction, adaptiveness and development are 6 general categories of effectiveness criteria. Each of the categories have a time base, short run criteria 1 year, intermediate 5 years, long run are those for which the inde finite future is applicable. temperament Individual difference and work behaviour* Individual differences have a direct effect on behaviour because peole who perceive things differently behave differently. * Individual differences shape organisaitional behaviour and consequently, individual and organisaitional success.What is the ASA framework?This is the attraction- s selection-attrition to careers and organisations. * Prospective employees are attracted to careers and organisations. * Organisations elect employees on the basis of the needs of the organisation. * Attrition occurs when individuals discover that they do not belong to the organisation. Studying individual differences at the work place is important since not addressing differences among employees may hinder from achieving organisation and personal goals.Understanding work behaviourInorder to fully understand where individual differences arise the personal environment also needs to be given attention, weight and consid ered. Heredity factors are also important.An effective management must(prenominal)* Observe and recognise the dufferences and* Study relationship between variables that influences individual behaviour.For discussion* What are the variables at work? * Give examples of work behaviour. bear you think of how these may be fostered on connected? The following variables impact employee productivity, creativity and performance extensively * Heredity factors and diversity* Abilities and skills* AttitudesHeredity factorsGender, race and ethnic background are all heredity factors, mental and moral differences are also influenced by genetic inheritance and such factors mould each individual which in turn have a direct effect at work behaviour.1.a Diversity* Diversity refers to those attributes that make people different from another. Primary dimensions of diversity include age, ethicity, gender, pyshical attributes, race and sexual orientation. When an employee is harassed as a resukt of div ersity, due to closing off they become less enthusiastic in their job. * Managing diversity therefore ensures that employees become top level contributors especially in todays Abilities and Skills* qualification is a pessons talent to perform a mental or pyshical task. * Skill is a learned talent that a person has acquired to perform a task. * Ability tends to be stable over time while skill tends to change according to training and experience. One needs ability to be a sales executive (appearance and manners are important) yet one may attain skills with years of experience in sales.* Mental ability therefore refers to the level of erudition including comprehension, indicative or deictive reasoning, body language, associative memory etc. * Tacit knowledge is the work related to practical know how of the employees acquired eitehr through observation or direct experience on the job. Emotional intelligence When you probe people to get to know them more * It is important that manag ers assess and attest abilities and skills snice no count of leadership and motivation can make up for such deficiencies- job analysis therefore becomes important. * Job analysis is the process of defining and studying a job interms of tasks and behaviour and specifying responsibilities, education and training needes to perform a job therefore removes guess work when recruiting.AttitudesAttitudes are deteriments of behaviour because they are linked with perception, personaility, fdeelings, etc therfore has a certain amount of importance to the managers.Attitudes are* Learned* Define ones predeposition towards a given aspect or situation* Provide the delirious basis of ones interpersonal relations and identifications with other* Attitudes are close to the core of personaility* Some attitudes are persistent and enduring while others are liable to change over time. Changing attitudes at the workplaceHow can a manager change attitudes of his employees?The process depends on three mai n factors / contributors1. The Communicator2. The nub3. The SituationThe Communicator* If the communicator is trusted and the employees perceive the manager as having prestige, they are more likely to change their attitudes. Employees change because they try to identify with a liked communicator and tend to adopt attitudes and behaviour of the liked individual. * A manager with a low prestige is not show respect / trust by peers and superiors therefore more difficult to change attitudes of his team.The Message* Intentional and unintentional messages are delivered through verbal and no nverbal communication by managers. * The message delivered to employees has to be clear, understandable and convincing. * development persuasive verbal and non verbal communication skills is essential to managers.The Situation* The managers success in delivering a change in attitude also depends on the situation when the message is being delivered. * Distraction and pleasant surroundings are two fac tors that facilitate change in attitude (perks, performance allowance, training opportunities)Is job satisfaction an attitude?Job satisfaction results from the perception of the job itself and the degree which there is a good fit between the individual and the organisation Factors to consider* remuneration not just the pay but the perceived fairness. * The work itself are job tasks considered interesting? Do they provide opportunities for learning and accepting further / higher(prenominal) responsibilities? * Supervision technical competence and interpersonal skills of the immediate boss. * Co workers extent to which co workers are friendly, competent and supportive.Advancement opportunities availability of opportunitiesWork conditions the physical work environment is comfortable and supportive of productivity. Job security it is reasonable expectation that ones position is secure and contured employment within the organisation. Job relation in relation to Job performance on Effectiveness Are these 2 factors related or dependant on each other?* Attempts by management to satisfy employees may not mean higher performance while high performance may not mean that the employers are well-off at work. * Discuss the ripple effects of rewards, warnings, absenteeism, fair promotion etc. That these have on job performance in general. Effect on OC privateityPersonality refers to a relatively stable set of feelings and behaviour that have been significantly formed by genetic and environmental factors. * The manager attempting to understand his employees must give attention to the major forces that shape nature. * Cultural forces, heredity, family, relationship and social class are all factors that mould personality. How? * Culture society, institutes various pattern behaviour with the result that members of a polish have common personality characteristics. * Heredity varies from personality to another but are not constant since it is associated with values or ideals (temperament)* Family relationships the experience one has with his parents, grandmothers, other family members / life experiences. * Social class influences ones self perception, perception of others, of work, of authority of money factor. * Personality is therefore a product (a number of forces that together have attributed to shape the unique individual). Personality is interrelated with perception, attitudes, learning and motivation therefore analysis behaviour is incomplete unless personality is considered.Personality and Behaviour in OrganisationsThe big five Personality Dimensions is key in understanding organisational behaviour.1. Extroversion (Open minded, sociable, etc)2. Emotional (Stability)3. Agreeableness (More open to people, challenges and change) 4. Conscientousness (to understand your peoples attraction) Other three major factors areLocus of controlThis relates to the extent to which employees believe that their behaviour will influence what happens to th em. (Differing personalities of Internals& Externals).Self efficacyPersonal beliefs of competencies and abilities. This has an impact on Org behaviour and decisions like selection, training programmes and goal setting and performance.CreativityThis is a personality trait that requires deviation from the normal thinking to produce new and useful ideas. (Think in an unconventional way). While a personality factor of the individual organisations play an important role to develop creativity at work by giving opportunities and freedom to think and come forward with new ideas. Reward winning ideas and discuss failures positively to nourish creativity all round.The Importance of CultureNational Culture is the sum total of the beliefs, rituals, rules, customs, artefacts and institution that characterise the population. How organisational transactions are conducted is affected by nations culture and its subcultures. Values, customs and rituals of cultures do not simply appear. They are revol utionary and are influenced by politics, religion, language and cultural aspects.Managing in the 21st centuryFor effective management understanding different cultures and various organisational cultures is important in the 21st century. ../9../9Adaptation to new environment is becoming a common occurrent and although adaptation from one origin to another is always difficult, it can be better understood by learning about organisational culture.Organisational CultureOrganisational culture is the share values, norms, beliefs and norms which influence the way employees think, feel and act towards others inside and outside the organisation.OC gives unique identity to an organisationAlthough culture cannot be seen, it can be sensed and matt-up through a persons attitudes, emotions and perceptions. The way we do things around here Deal and Kennedy 1982 The collective programming of the mind, Geert Hofstede 2001. Hostede identified four dimensions of culture power distance, uncenrtainty, avoidance, individualism and masculinity. Power distance is essentially used to categorise levels of inequity in organisations which Hofstede claims will depend upon managment style, willingness of subordinates to diasgree with superiors, and the educational level and status accruing to detail roles. Uncertainty avoidance refers to the extent to which members of a society feel threatened by unusual situations.High uncertainty avoidance is said to be characteristic in France, Spain, Germany and many Latin American societies. Individualism describes the relatively individualistic or collectivisit ethic evident in that particular society. The USA, France and Spain display high individualism. masculinity refers to a continuum between masculine charactertistics such as assertiveness and competitiveness, and feminine traits such as caring, a stress upon the quality of life and concern with the environment.Can organisational culture be created by management?* Ann Cunliffe (2008) states t hat OC is important for 4 reasons*Slaps the image that the public has as an organisation* Influences organisational performance* Provide direction to the company* religious service to attract and retain motivated staffCreating the desired OC may be difficult since imposing a particular culture may not be met with resistance. Why? Is disparity between what the management states as values and the historicality with the employee an issue? What organisational factors may be attributed to the development of a desired OC? Communication is an organisational factor that is an important factor is developing and fostering an OC Why? Discuss with example?Communicating top down only leaves management out of touch from the real situation and may lead to a gap in culture that management wants to create another culture that actually develops. Uncover the levels of culturesArtefacts Visible organisational structures and processes (had to decipher). annual report, newsletter, furnishings are exa mples of artefacts. Espoused Values Strategies, goals, philosophies (espoused justifications). Assumptions that tell individuals how to perceive, think and feel about work, human relationships and performance of colleagues. Basic underlying assumptions Unconscious taken for granted beliefs, perceptions, thoughts and feelings (ultimate sources of values and actions). drumhead with examples of Scheins three levels of culture* Surface manifestation of culture most accessible forms which are visible and audible behaviour patterns and objects (observable culture, send a message) * Organisational values the accumulated beliefs held about how work hold be done and situations dealt with that guide employee behaviour ( be honest, be creative, work hard) * Basic assumption invisible perceptions, taken for granted understandings, held by individual with an organisation concerning behaviour, the nature of reality and its relationship to its environment (stability, excellence, quality and responsibility).Where does OC come from?Values are the basic element that distinguishes one organisation from the other. Changing organisation structure and its process will mean a change in values and therefore a change in culture. Why? Discuss the difference on a change from tall hierarchy to a change in flat hierarchy.