7 Tips for Using Hyphens with Adjectives

7 Tips for Using Hyphens with Adjectives 7 Tips for Using Hyphens with Adjectives 7 Tips for Using Hyphens with Adjectives By Mark Nichol A team of two or more words that band together to provide detail about a person, place, or thing are called phrasal adjectives, or adjectival phrases. The name’s not important, but it is essential that you employ hyphens to link these tag teams to clarify the relationships between adjectives (and, sometimes, conjunctions) and the nouns they modify. Here are some types of phrasal adjectives: 1. â€Å"She’s showing the classic fight or flight reaction.† What kind of reaction is it? Fight or flight. That’s a single type of reaction, so the phrase â€Å"fight or flight† is linked with hyphens to indicate its unity: â€Å"She’s showing the classic fight-or-flight reaction.† 2. â€Å"Black and white photographs from the 1930s show Nebraskans fueling their Fords at corn-ethanol blend stations.† Are some photographs black and others white, or are they all black and white? The latter choice is correct, and, because the phrase â€Å"black and white† modifies photographs, you should hyphenate the phrase into one string: â€Å"Black-and-white photographs from the 1930s show Nebraskans fueling their Fords at corn-ethanol blend stations.† 3. â€Å"Check the list of publications below for more nontoxic pest-control information.† Again, study the connections between words, then fortify the links. The information about pest control isn’t nontoxic; it’s about nontoxic pest control: â€Å"Check the list of publications below for more nontoxic-pest-control information.† Better yet, relax the sentence by rephrasing it: â€Å"Check the list of publications below for more information about nontoxic pest control.† 4. â€Å"He was laid off from his high-tech customer-relationship-management sales-support job.† If too many hyphenated phrases in one sentence makes it look like a train wreck, again, relax the sentence: â€Å"He was laid off from his high tech sales-support job in customer-relationship management.† (â€Å"High tech† is in the dictionary as such, so it needs no hyphenation before a noun.) 5. â€Å"Our waterworks have reached the classic ‘run to failure’ moment.† Avoid scare quotes quotation marks employed to call attention to an unfamiliar phrase but because the phrase within them here modifies moment, its words should be strung together: â€Å"Our waterworks have reached the classic run-to-failure moment.† 6. â€Å"The woman can’t see how agents confused her diminutive brother with a 6-foot tall fugitive.† This sentence describes a tall fugitive with six feet surely, difficult to confuse with anyone else. Make sure every element in the modifying phrase is attached: â€Å"The woman can’t see how agents confused her diminutive brother with a 6-foot-tall fugitive.† 7. â€Å"The farmer-turned-land planner is taking on both industrial irrigation and the lawn industry.† Turns of phrase that include turned to describe a transformation don’t require hyphenation: â€Å"The farmer turned land planner is taking on both industrial irrigation and the lawn industry.† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Punctuation category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Addressing A Letter to Two People8 Types of Parenthetical PhrasesConfusion of Subjective and Objective Pronouns

Stanley Kubrick as an auteur Essays

Stanley Kubrick as an auteur Essays Stanley Kubrick as an auteur Paper Stanley Kubrick as an auteur Paper 2001 , Clockwork Orange, The Shining and Full Metall Jacket. His films are usually loved or hated. He has made controversial films which have beed widely debated and criticized, for example Clockwork Orange because of the violence within the film or Lolita where an older man, Humbert is dreaming and lusting a young teenager girl Lolita. Like his films characters he was also an obsessive personality. He concentrated on the dark side of human and generally his films are considered cold and pessimistic with. Stanley Kubrick worked with different genres, for example science-fiction, war and even (dark) comedy. He was an experimental filmmaker, for example in Barry Lyndon he used only natural light. In his every film he associates with errors of emotions and the futility of intelligence and thinking. 2001 is great example for this, in that movie the achievement of intelligence, HAL tries to kill the crew and human presented by Bowman needs to leave techonoly behind for the rehumanization. Themes Kubricks main themes were 1) imaginary worlds, 2) dehumanization, 3) death (homicide-suicide-murder), 4) obsessive main character and 5) a journey of films character. Hes charecters are living in their own imaginary world with their own thougths more or less isolated without any connection to reality. In Dr. Strangelove perhaps the best examples are Ripper with the fear of communists and Major Kong with his doomsdaymission to drop the bombs which will cause the destroyment of the whole mankind. In 2001 HAL and the whole crew is somehow living in a illusion. The HALs fatal thougths killing the humans and the crew for trusting on HAL with the price of their lives. Dehumazation is noticeable very obviously in 2001, where HAL seems to be more human than the machinelike humans themselves. Kubrick makes viewer symphatize for HAL when Bowman is switching it (him? ) off. Also in Strangelove a (doomsday) machine is in control. Kubricks films have involve death quite a lot. In 2001 HAL kills almost the whole crew before he is killled by Bowman. There is either homicide, suicide or murder aspects in his films. Characters with strong obsession are also part of Kubricks movies. Bowman has a obsession in first place to survive and secondly to get into the stargate. Theres also the last theme the journey of Bowman, the main character. From a cold machinelike human into rehumanization and rebirth. Styles Kubrick uses symmetric image composition and shots down the length of tall paraller walls. In 2001 especially the computer room in the shutting-down-HAL sequence and the whole Jupiter explorers inside itself. In Kubricks films action usually takes place in isolated places. For example the Jupiter explorer or in The Shining the Overlook hotel. There is narration or titles in every film of Kubrick. In 2001 there is minimum innertitles. Long and slow zooming in/out is often used by Kubrick. In the Space Odyssey a zoom in was used when Bowman and Poole were having a dangerous chat inside the pod when HAL was reading from their lips. Zooming out was used in Barry Lyndon at the beginning of every sequence. Stanley Kubrick preferred already composed music because then he know exectly hows it going be wrok. 2001 contained Strauss, Clockwork Orange included Beethoven and Dr. Strangelove featured Well meet again at the ends mushroom cloud sequence. Close ups of intensively emotional/distorted faces belonged to his films. For example Bowmans faces during the podtrip in the stargate or in The Shining when Jack Torrance came through the door by an axe. The Shining and 2001 have incommon also the tracking shots, for example Danny cycling around the hotel and Bowman and Poole wondering around the explorer. Dr. Strangelove had also tracking shots inside the bomber following the crew going up and down the fuselage of the plane. Signature The most legendary signature of Kubrick is the Glare which shows the emotional meltdown of a character. Its a close up of the actor with his head slightly down, but eyes looking up directly into the camera. Best example of this is Alex in the milkbar at the beginning of Clockwork Orange. It has suggested that even the HAL has it in the 2001. Bathrooms and toilets are used in key roles in his films. In 2001 there were instructions to zero-gravity toilet on the wall of space craft. Ripper committed a suicide in bathroom in the Dr. Strangelove. 114 was the number of Jupiter explorer in 2001 and in Dr. Strangelove it was the number of the decoder which served quite important role in the movie.

Marketing Mix of Louis Vuitton Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Marketing Mix of Louis Vuitton - Assignment Example The service period which he spent with the emperor introduced him to the styles of elite and the royal clientele who enjoyed his services even after his death. The Louis Vuitton Malletier (LVM) was established in 1854 in Paris, which is now considered the world-renowned lifestyle brand dealing in luxury leather (Louis Vuitton, 2013). The success story of the brand clearly reflects that it was not a coincidence rather Louis Vuitton achieved this peak position in the business world through the use of perfect marketing strategies (Peter Finocchiaro, 2010). LVM has always been very creative in introducing new products, since the start it has been catering to the needs the customers with the supreme quality services. LVM has been successfully using the marketing mix which led the company to acquire the second place in the Luxury Marketer Awards of 2010. The brand has utilized the multichannel strategies which have bridged the gap between history and status of French Fashion (Peter Finocch iaro, 2010) as per the BBC News LVM has increased its sales in the first three months of 2011 by 17%. Researchers have given the credit of successful operations of LVM to its Marketing Mix (Catarina Duque, 2012). After the selection of the target market the prime concern of the management is to set the principles for marketing mix which is a combination of product strategies, pricing strategies, placing strategies and promotion strategies. These all are formulated on the basis of the preferences of target market.

Social Death Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Social Death - Assignment Example Possessive individual traces its origins to the framing of the constitution, whereby, only the propertied white males of the new country were accorded citizenship. Not only were blacks (who were slaves at the time) were excluded, but so were women and a large section of white male population. The privileged minority of propertied white men enjoyed laws that reinforced their ownership of material wealth. But, even before they could acquire and retain material property, they had claim to their person, which is the fundamental ownership. In effect, each of the possessive individuals is extended a right of ownership of their person, which would thwart any exploitative contractual relationships with their peers. There is a limited degree of fairness to the laws pertaining to possessive individuals, insofar as they govern the internal relations of the group. However the very notion of a national constitution catered to the possessive individual is blatantly unjust for all excluded communit ies. Take, say, the case of African Americans. By virtue of not even enjoying a right toward their own personhood, their aspirations and endeavors toward ownership of material property is pre-empted. The lot of women (even whites) was none too better, for they are first the property of their father, then husband and finally her son through the span of her life. Is she is denied ownership of her own person, and thereby the possibility of ownership of material property. The concept of social death follows swiftly from that of possessive individual. By denying the right to ownership of one’s own person, the individual is reduced to a social non-entity. With respect to the idea of nationhood, he/she is not part of the society. By being excluded from the cultural epicenter of a nation, the dispossessed individual suffers a social death. They may yet serve a role in the economic system of the country, especially if it adopts the

Contemporary Management Practices within the Public Sector Thesis

Contemporary Management Practices within the Public Sector - Thesis Example priately the current achievements of the present form of procurement systems, while taking intelligent and sustainable decisions for the future systems in the context of fluctuating political orders. The measuring framework must take into consideration the factors of effectiveness and efficiency (measured through cost effectiveness and achieving the desired procurement results), confidence of the civil society (which is reflected in the system accountability and transparency factors), and the policy acquiescence and stability factors. This framework must be accommodated within a larger  measuring system  within a sustainable public management,  portraying a certain  standard of life against only monetary wealth. In terms of designing basic notions for such measuring processes, there are three main underlying concepts. First, the structure of an organisation lies within multidimensional and complex frameworks. Secondly, there must measures for safeguarding basic transparency a nd integrity within the public procurement system; and thirdly, to alleviate the standards of  the public procurement systems,  the associated performance management  must necessarily serve as a model for present and future ethical reviews. This paper serves to study the organizational development structure, and supply chain management in the context of public/private procurements sectors, the basic notions of performance measurement in public procurement, while exploring the perspective of accountability and transparency within the public procurement system. Chapter 1 Introduction and Overview "Not  everything  that  counts  can  be  counted,  and  not  everything  that  can  be  counted   counts."  ~ Albert  Einstein 1.1 Introduction (background study) A recent trend in the realms of business... A recent trend in the realms of business management shows that the public sector has shown a gradual shift in its operational perspective, with a greater focus on privatization, and an emphasis on cost saving and increasing efficiency. Comprehending the necessity of outsourcing large-scale work to the private sector for better economic growth and developments, many State governments have started the processes of public procurement, under prescribed directives and regulations created to regulate the process, as are seen in the Council Directives 93/37/EEC, 93/38/EEC and 93/36/EEC and their subsequent modified versions. This is also evident in the 41 USC Sec. 253 in the United States, where it is clearly stated that â€Å"an executive agency in conducting a procurement for property or services - (A) shall obtain full and open competition through the use of competitive procedures in accordance with the requirements this subchapter and the Federal Acquisition Regulation.† The current importance of public procurement is seen in the increased governmental activity in â€Å"purchasing of goods and services,† for State requirements, through fair competitive auction -bidding, which accounts for 10% - 20% of the GDP of all the countries. A productive public procurement system decides the standard, scope, and extent, of a country’s infrastructural development and proffered public services towards its citizens, thus, making public procurement a primary issue within the agenda of a State’s economic development plan.

The Recycling Of Electronic Waste Environmental Sciences Essay

The Recycling Of Electronic Waste Environmental Sciences Essay Can you imagine todays society without computers? Our use of electronic products has grown substantially and will continue to evolve. As the demand for new and more advanced technology increases, so does the amount of outdated personal computers (PC). However, where do our unwanted computers end up? Yes, computers are convenient when they are functioning, but once they have run their course, then what? Should we just toss them in the trash bin? The optimal alternative is computer recycling. Recycling is beneficial to our environment and humanity by helping conserve energy and reduce landfill space, such as the large landfills in China. Also, computers contain hundreds of chemicals which can migrate into our environment, recycling helps by creating less toxic chemical emissions. Conserving energy is not an easy task since our society is plugged in on a daily basis. Computers are necessary for work, school, shopping, communicating with others, etc. The average desktop computer uses up to 60 to 250 watts of energy when in use. Analog, outdated computers use cathode ray tube (CRT) monitors. The picture in a CRT monitor isnt as sharp and typically uses up more energy than a Liquid Crystal Display (LCD). A CRT monitor can use up to 80 watts of energy; while an LCD will use much less at 35 watts. In addition, outdated PCs rely on older processors which consume large amounts of energy. However, there is an afterlife for these dinosaurs. Dell made headline news when Michael Dell announced his company would begin to recycle computer hardware for free even if the consumer would not be purchasing anything new from them. (Dell Inc. does the right thing, 2006) Dell offered consumers the option of recycling their PCs at no cost to them by simply going to their website, p rinting out a prepaid shipping label in order to return their desktops, laptops, printers and/or ink cartridges. After doing so, Dell would be sending out a service to pick up the equipment. Like Dell, many other manufacturers are beginning to acknowledge computers contain many recyclable parts and are de-manufacturing. De-manufacturing is the process by which computers and other electronic equipment are refurbished or broken down to their basic parts. By doing this, manufacturers help conserve energy and raw materials needed to manufacture new computers and electronic equipment. These parts are then reused in upgrading other computers. (Computer recycling guidance, 2007) PC recyclers know that not all parts are recyclable and therefore breakdown each component to maximize recyclability. When computers are disassembled as part of our de-manufacturing program, various components are removed for recycling or reuse. (Computer recycling guidance, 2007) Re-usable materials include ferrou s (iron-based) and non-ferrous metals, glass and various types of plastic. (Computer recycling, 2009) These parts include the heat sink, which keeps the PC processor cool, is made of 95% aluminum, 4% polypropylene plastic (fan) and 1% mixed metal. The power supply unit is made of an 85% steel case and a 15% printed circuit board. The PCs hard drive is where all of the computers files are stored; this is made of 80% aluminum, 15% steel and 5% circuit board. The motherboard, which is the computers platform, consists of a circuit board. The compact disk (CD) drive and case is made up of 50% ferrous metal and 50% plastic resin; while the floppy drive is composed of 95% metal (ferrous and non-ferrous) and 5% circuit board. A large portion of metal comes from the computer case which is 90% steel and 10% ABS or resin plastic (typically varies from model to model). The CRT monitor (CRT TUBE) is 95% glass and 5% ferrous metal. 90% fiberglass or plastic, 5% non-ferrous metal and 5% other rec yclable materials (diodes, etc.) make up the monitor circuit board. The monitor yoke is 75% copper, 10% ferrous metal and 15% plastic (could be recycled, but particles are made too small by the refining process). The monitor case and base are made up of 98% plastic and 2% ferrous metal (screws, etc). 99% plastic resin with PVC and copper cabling make up the keyboard; while 90% plastic 5% circuit board 5% cable (can be recovered) make up the mouse. The degaussing wire used throughout the computer is composed of 95% copper wire and 5% PVC plastic tape. Cables/wires are made of 90% PVC plastic, 5% copper and 5% steel. Holding all of these parts together are various screws which are 100% ferrous metal. (Computer recycling, 2009) Yes, the aforementioned list is detailed and extensive, but it is important to know that although recycling all these parts helps conserve energy, it also helps reduce landfill space. With technology evolving so quickly, we are bombarded by the latest and greatest electronics. Were constantly upgrading from one computer to next; however, there are simple steps we can take in order to maintain our computers working faster, longer. Keeping your computer cool (below 90 degrees) and dust-free the cooling fan from sucking dust and eventually clogging the computer. Clogged ventilation will cause your PC to overheat. If this happens it may burn out and be damaged severely or even rendered unrepairable. Food and drinks should never be placed near a computer. Keeping them far away will prevent an accident from occuring. Any liquid spilled onto your computer will cause electrical damage. In case of an outage, you should always have your PC plugged into a surge protector. Not only does it protect your hardware, but it eliminates wasting energy by the standby power which most computers draw even while they are off. Regularly checking the space available on your hard drive wil l keep new software or graphic files from eating up your surplus. Most importantly, be certain to upgrade your anti-virus protection and anti-spyware programs. Preventive maintenance is key to keeping our computers out of landfills longer. Experts estimate that consumers replaced or retired more than 300 million computers over the past decade, and the recycling industry estimates that about 1 billion computers will become potential scrap by 2010. (Greener computers, 2007) In 2000, 4.6 million tonnes  of electronic waste (e-waste) made their way to U.S. landfills and this number continues to increase. (New war on waste, 2008) Currently, there are more than 10 million computers dumped in landfills yearly. (What to do with tech trash?, 2010) Seeing the need for change, many states and countries are banning computers and TVs from landfills and are asking the government for their support in the matter. The federal government only prohibits large-scale electronic dumping; which means th at groups tossing more than 220 pounds of electronic waste a month must recycle. However, residents and small businesses can, and do, pile old computers into landfills. According to the National Safety Council, only 11 percent of computers get recycled, and small-time consumers alone add 10 million computers to landfills every year. (What to do with tech trash?, 2010) Sadly, e-waste is one of the fastestes growing types of waste which was clear to governments in the United Kingdom, Japan and some U.S. states in 1990. Seeking a resolution, they set up e-waste recycling systems and began exporting their e-waste to developing countries. These countries laws were inadequate in protecting workers and the environment. More often than not, the laws were not enforced. Also, it was much cheaper to recycle waste in developing countries such as China rather than the U.S. pay for the cost of glass-to-glass recycling of computer monitors. E-waste is routinely exported by developed countries to d eveloping ones, often in violation of the international law. (Lynam, 2009) Africa and Asia are the primary countries being utilized for e-dumpping. However, in 2005, there were inspections of 18 European seaports. Inspectors found 47% to be illegal e-waste. In 2003, the United Kingdom illegally shipped 23,000 metric tonnes  of undeclared electronic waste to eastern countries such as, China and India, also Africa. The U.S. collects recycled material and ships 50-80 % of the waste to China. China banned e-waste exportation in 2000, unfortunately, the law is not working and e-waste continually arrives in Guiya of Guangdong Province, which is Chinas main e-waste scrapping centre. As e-waste importing grew in Asia, so did the demand for it. Asian scrap yards discovered valuable substances such as nickle, copper, silicon, gold and iron could be salvaged during the recycling process. But what about the unrecycable materials? Many of these developing countries did not and do not have haza rdous waste facilities. After the e-waste problems of these developed countries were shipped to developing countries where laws to protect workers and the environment were and are inadequate or not enforced, too many of these developing countries discovered their landfills are now plagued with massive amounts of toxins. With profit in mind, some computer manufacturers intentionally produce their products for a short life span and use materials and processes that deter recycling efforts. Toxic e-waste continues to accumulate and is having negative effects on our environment. Currently, less than 10 percent of e-waste produced is reused or recycled. This means that the majority of the e-waste is disposed of in landfills, where it can eventually create health problems through human exposure. (S 510: Electronic waste recycling promotion and consumer protection act, 2006) Designed to process toxins and waste, the essential components of a landfill are the bottom liner system, cells (old and new), storm water drainage system, leachate collection system, methane collection system, and covering or cap. Each of these has its function within the landfill. What separates trash and subsequent leachate from groundwater is the bottom liner system. The cells store the trash within the landfill. Rainfall is collect ed by the storm water drainage system. The leachate collection system collects the water which has percolated through the landfill itself and absorbs contaminating substances. Methane gas which is formed during the breakdown of trash is collected by the methane collection system. The top of the landfill is sealed off by the cap. (S 510: Electronic waste recycling promotion and consumer protection act, 2006) Computers release toxins during their production, use, but most of all, when they have been disposed of in our landfills. Crushed or incinerated e-waste release contaminants, such as chromium, into the air and groundwater. Even with aforementioned systems in place, a leakage in the lining can occur which can cause toxins to evaporate off of the leachate ponds or they might pool at the bottom of the landfill and then be pumped out into a nearby pond. (Environmental facts, 2007) Other toxins which are released into our environment from e-waste are lead, cadmium, chromium, mercury, etc. Lead is found in cathode ray tubes and solder. Just one CRT monitor can contain between 4 and 8 pounds of lead. Between 1997 and 2004, 315 million computers became obsolete. This accounted for 1.2 billion pounds of lead being released into the environment through improper disposal in landfills. Lead is one of the most abundant toxic byproducts of e-waste and has many well-documented detrimental human health effects. (S 510: Electronic waste recycling promotion and consumer protection act, 2006) Drinking lead contaminated water can cause brain and nervous system damage. The greatest negative health effect is on children. Hearing, behavior and learning problems have been associated to children exposed to lead. Lead exposed adults may have high blood pressure. They can develop memory, concentration and reproductive problems. Environmental organisms behavioral changes after being exposed to lead lower its chances of reproduction because of physical malformations due to exposure. Al so having a negative effect on our bodies is cadmium. Found in the circuit boards and semi-conductors of computers, cadmium accumulates in our bodies and poisons the kidneys. Even more damaging is chromium, which damages DNA. Exposure to chromium can cause asthma and respiratory problems. Also, exposure to chromium can cause perforated eardrums, discoloration of the teeth, skin irritation, kidney and liver damage, upper abdominal pain, and pulmonary congestion. Once chromium lodges into tissues, it may lead to cancerous growth in the lungs, kidneys, and intestines because they are especially vulnerable. (Environmental facts, 2007) There are studies reporting premature senility as a factor of chromium. Chromium harms our environment by negatively affecting the population of salmon and amphibians in our aquatic ecosystems. Worst yet, chromium IV has been known to cause cancer when inhaled. Out of all these toxins mercury can be deadly. Computers contain mercury in their switches and h ousing. Unlike inhalable chromium, vapors from mercury contaminate the atmosphere and rainfall then causes them to precipitate into the ground. Once in the soil, the processed mercury by bacteria becomes methyl mercury. The new form of mercury is then collected in animals fatty tissues. Methyl mercurys effects are dependent on the amount of exposure. Effects can range from mild to severe. Humans exposed to mercury are unaware they were exposed. Most exposures occur through eating shellfish and fish. Pregnant women should not eat potentially contaminated fish. Doing so may harm the developing fetus since fetuses and infants are most affected by mercury toxins. These toxins have a negative effect on the nervous system. Impaired neurological development affects cognitive abilities, memory, attention, language, and fine motor and spatial skills. Symptoms include insomnia, tremors, headaches, emotional changes, changes in nerve responses, performance deficits on tests of cognitive functi on and disturbances in sensations. (Environmental facts, 2007) With high exposure, mercury can cause respiratory failure, affect the kidneys and cause death. In wildlife, methyl mercury can be mortal, significantly reduce fertility, and slow growth and development. These are just some of the toxins released into our environment, there are more! By opting not to recycle, we are opting on not only damaging our environment to an irreparable state, but killing ourselves. Why wouldnt we want to recycle? In conclusion, there isnt a Federal mandate to recycle e-waste. However, there are many states which have instituted mandatory electronics recovery programs. These programs were put in place by individuals of green states who care enough about themselves and their environment to put a stop to excess e-waste. One thousand or more municipalities offer computer and electronics collections as part of household hazardous waste collections, special events, or other arrangements. In addition, public and private organizations have emerged that accept computers and other electronics for recycling.  They are working on ways to make recycling of electronic waste much more convenient. Depending on where you live and the amount of equipment you have, the best recycling option might be a county recycling drop-off center, TV repair shop, charitable organization, electronics recycling company, or even your local electronics retailer, which might collect used products and send them to a recycler. ( Where can I donate or recycle my old computer and other electronic products?, 2010) Computers can and should be recycled! Recycling unwanted computers is the optimal alternative. If we all do our part and recycle, we can conserve energy, reduce landfill space, and create less toxic chemical emissions. Less electronic waste (e-waste) equals more of our planet saved! Recycling is an excellent and economical way of ultimately achieving this goal. Lets do our part!

Essay --

Aulia Akbar Ramadhan 2B3206 Walt Whitman Rostow is United Stated economist, and also a father of ecomonic theory and growth. In Rostow view through his Stages of Growth Model, there are five stages in the process of economic growth and development. The five stages are The traditional society, The precondition for take off. The take off, The drive to maturity and The age of mass consumption. In these stages Rostow point out that both of the precondition stage for take off and take off stages is very important for a country economy growth. Capital and Technology raising, is one of the most important factor for a country to achieve economic maturity for economic development. After the end of the take off stages, in general most of the economies experienced lower economic growth rates. Also at the end of the stages, the age of mass consumption, is only for country that the most people there already live in the prosperity. The country that already on these stage is mainly from West. In the case of Indonesia, Indonesia economy experience the Stage of Development when Indonesia lead by President Soeharto. Soeharto make Rostow theory as the foundation of his long term development plan. This long term plan was conducted every five years, it is called Pelita.In Pelita I which occurs between 1969-1974, Soeharto target is to raise Indonesia agricultural and food production. Based on Rostow view at this time Indonesia economy is at the traditional society stage, because many agriculture industry born in here, also people still farm with traditional way. In Pelita II 1974-1979, the growth still little, but it can bee seen that time Indonesia economy is on transtition to evolve to pre take off stage and to the take off stage. Indonesia economy f... ...untries. In indonesia case, demand side GDP is still larger than supply side GDP, this can be seen that people in Indonesia still very consumptive, also In Indonesia, the size of the domestic market have become the largest contributor to economic growth. Indonesia has relatively less affected and already immuned by the weakning of the global export market. The high consumption in Indonesia is negate by the acceleration of infrastructure, productivity, and efficiency of the national production chain in order to be not dependent on the import mechanism. There is also demand pull inflation happen. Demand pull inflation is inflation that is caused due to the increase in aggregate demand compared to the amount of goods and services offered. Because the quantity of goods demanded in Indonesia is greater than the goods offered, then there is an increasing on the price.

Theories of First and Second Language Acquisition

There are various theories that have been put forward to describe first and second language acquisition. This paper outlines similarities and difference between first and second language acquisition. Additionally key theoretical points on second language acquisition have been identified. Finally, an explanation of how I intend to use my understanding of language acquisition theory to inform my teaching practice will also be included. Similarities of First and Second Language Acquisition Rod Elis (1984) examined the concept of developmental sequences.Studies have revealed that both first and second language learners follow a pattern of development, which is mainly followed despite exceptions. Elis outlined three developmental stages: the silent period, formulaic speech, and structural and semantic simplification. Both L1 and L2 learners go through the silent stage. In this stage, children acquiring a first language will go through a period of listening to the language that they are be ing exposed to. This period is used to discover what language is. Second language learners usually opt to remain silent for a period when immediate production is not required of them.The usefulness of the silent stage in second language acquisition is not agreed upon by researchers. Gibbons (1985 , as cited by Ellis, 1994)argues that this is a stage of incomprehension while Krashen (1982) argues that it builds competence in learners via listening. The second stage identified is formulaic speech. It is defined as expressions which are learnt as â€Å"unanalyzable wholes and employed on particular occasions (Lyons, 1968, cited in Ellis, 1994).According Krashen (1982), these expression can have the form of whole utterances learned as memorized chunks (e. g.  I don’t know) and partially unanalyzed utterances with one or more slots (e. g. Where are the______? ). The expressions can also consist of entire scripts such as greetings (Ellis, 1994). In the third stage, the first and second language learners apply structural and semantic simplifications to their language. For instance, they may omit articles and other grammatical forms as is the case with structural simplifications. Semantic simplifications take the form of omitting content words (e. g. nouns). These simplifications occur because learners may not have yet acquired the necessary linguistic forms.Another reason is that they are unable to access linguistic forms during production. In both first and second language acquisition there are particular structures that are acquired in a set order. Research shows that a learner’s first language has an effect on acquistional sequences which either slows their development or modifies it (McLaughlin, 1987). Individual variation in how individuals acquire language (such as communication strategies) may mask acquisitional sequences for certain constructions (Mclaughlin, 1987).Based on the morpheme studies in L2 acquisition, Krashen (1982) put forward th e Natural Order Hypothesis which claims that the rules of language are acquired in a predictable order. This acquisition order is not determined by simplicity or the order of rules taught in the class. It seems that there exists an order of acquisition in both first and second language acquisition. In both first and second language acquisition, learners may over generalize vocabulary or rules, using them in contexts broader than those in which they should be used.For instance, a child may say ‘eated’ instead of saying ‘ate’ for past tense of ‘eat’, and same thing may happen in second language acquisition an adult may say ‘holded’ instead of ‘held’ for the past tense of ‘hold’. Differences between First and Second Language Acquisition Nearly everyone acquires a first language but this is not the case with second languages. Acquiring a first language happens naturally, while acquiring a second language often requires conscious effort on the part of the learner.Another difference between first and second language learning relates to input, specifically the quality and quantity of input. According to the connectionist model the language learning process depends on the input frequency and regularity. Second language learners may have limited exposure to the target language that may be restricted to a couple hours a day where as first language learners are immersed in the language consistently. In first language acquisition, the basis for learning is universal grammar alone (Chomsky, 1968 as cited by Murray & Christison, 2006).In second language acquisition, knowledge of the first language serves as the basis for learning a second language. As a result of this, there may be both positive and negative transfer between the first and second language in second language learning. Key theoretical points that inform second language acquisition Various theories have been used to study the acquisit ion of a second language. These theories have strengths and shortcomings in their explanations of how second languages are acquired. I will attempt to highlight a few key points made by some of these theories.The behaviourism theory assumes that a person learns a second language by transferring habits formed in first language acquisition. These habits may sometimes interfere with the new ones needed to acquire a second language or the habits can be transferred to aid second language acquisition. However, further research has found that the influence of the learner’s first language may be more than a transferral of habits but involves a process of identifying points of similarity, assessing the evidence in support of a particular feature and reflecting on the feature’s relevance to the target language (Lightbown & Spada,2006).This theory is believed not to provide adequate explanations about how second language are acquired. However, there is value in the notion that an individual’s first language has an effect on second language acquisition efforts. The innatist’s perspective put forth the concept of Universal Grammar (UG). According to White (2000) Universal Grammar offers the best perspective to understand the acquisition of a second language. The concept of UG supports the belief that individuals have an innate language competence that is not taught to them formally.This competence is altered by the acquisition of a first language. This results in the need for second language learners to get direct information about what is not grammatically acceptable in the second language (Lightbown &Spada, 2006). Otherwise learners may assume that some first language structures are also present in the second language when they are not. This perspective encourages investigation into learners’ language competence and gaining an understanding of what learners know about the language rather than how they use it.The monitor model offers a c ouple valid points about second language acquisition. This model proposes that second language acquisition follows a predictable sequence. It also suggests that second language acquisition will occur when learners are exposed to language that is comprehensible and that contains the level of language already known along with language that is just a step beyond that level. There also different psychological theories that offer explanations for second language acquisition.Researchers who subscribe to the information processing model see second language acquisition as the construction of knowledge that can be called on automatically for speaking and understanding (Lightbown &Spada, 2006). Learners will have to use cognitive resources to process any aspect of the language that they are attempting to understand or produce. The connectionism perspective claims that learners gradually build up their knowledge of language through exposure to countless instances of linguistic features that th ey eventually hear (Lightbown & Spada,2006).When learners hear language features in specific situational or linguistic context constantly, they develop a network of connections between these elements. There are many other theories that are used to explain second language acquisition. After considering these theories, it is apparent that there is no one theory that adequately explains how individuals acquire second language. Using language acquisition theory in ESL practiceIt is apparent that there is no one theory that fully explains how language is acquired, so as an instructor, I have to consider the aspects of language acquisition that different theories have in common. I would then use these to inform my practice. For instance, it has been established that a learner’s first language affects their second language learning efforts. So as an instructor, it is my responsibility to identify the features of the first language that are interfering with the student’s secon d language learning as well as provide the student with the necessary material overcome that obstacle.I also understand that adult language learners do not acquire second languages as quickly as children. The Critical Period Hypothesis supports this claim. With this knowledge, I know that I will have to be patient with my adult students. I also know that there are stages of acquisition that they have to go through even if it is at a slow rate. So my intention is to use the information that has been established in my practice. I also have to be open minded as well be willing to make adjustments for individuals who are operating outside of the norm.

buy custom Colony Collapse Disorder essay

buy custom Colony Collapse Disorder essay Since ancient times, bees are of great significance to in the human life despite it small size. Bees are essential in pollination and honey production. Due to their significance, human beings have been raring bees throughout the decades. They provide bees with all their basic needs. Bee hives have been of great significance in bee keeping as they are the ones used to rare bees. Bees live in colonies with every group of bees depending on their age and gender having specific job to do. However, unlike initially, bee keepers are currently facing numerous problems with the major problem being colony collapse disorders (CCD). These disorders have proved to be a big threat to the lives and existence of bees, giving bee keepers sleepless nights. Due to increasing effect of colony collapse disorder and the need to eradicate this disorder, researchers are on ground studying the cause (Bright 116). This is because according to the researchers, treating and eradication of CCD needs establishment and identification of its causes. Even though CCD is a major threat, good news is that several factors causing this disorder have been identified. However, the main challenge is that it is not yet clear on whether they are the actual causes or not because they have been found to cause this disorder not on their own but in combination. This has not only led to the need of further study, but also made it difficult to find the proper remedy for this disorder. Causes of CCD Two common infections working together have been found by a major research into a dangerous threat to the honeybee as the cause of disorder. One of the major sources of concerns for farmers of huge variety of crops and beekeepers who rely on bees for pollination since its identification in 2006 is Colony Collapse Disorder (CCD) that sees apparently healthy honeybee colonies that go into abrupt, steep decline (Miller et al. 16). A research that alleges to have found the cause of this disorder; combination of two common infections- one fungal, one viral- working jointly to create a condition far highly serious compared to what either will do in isolation have been completed by a group of logistics. According to Bright (88), causes suggested by the study included the verroa mite, insecticides, Israeli acute paralysis virus and other diseases were eradicated when they were not found to happen in all the CCD colonies. The invertebrate iridescent viruses (IIV) - one group of diseases- were found to be available in 100% of cases, though in some strong colonies as well. A high similarity was obtained between Nosema and IIV in collapsed colonies, although finding Nosema alone was not obtained dependably to predict collapse (Johnson 13). In the insect world, an empty colony can be a hot real estate particularly if it is full of honey. However, other insects like beetles, moths and other bees that would increase typically at the opportunity to become the new tenants of a beehive, shun CCD for at least few days. However, it is not clear whether these chemicals have anything concerned with CCD, though they are absolutely stressors in the home and in the sources of food. Pesticides have no t shown solely that they are the cause of CCD. Main possible solution for CCD Wiscombe Blackiston (152) stipulate that following thorough research and evidence collected in regard to causes of colony collapse disorder, pesticides have been proved to be the main cause of this disorder. With the industrial revolution, agriculture was high revolutionized. New agricultural tools and machines used for planting and cultivation were invented. This facilitated and eased plantationfarming. People were now able to cultivate huge tracks of lands and plant crops. However, with development of plantation farming and use of advanced tools and machines, good harvest was attained. Nonetheless, it was not long before crops were attacked by insects and diseases. In order to address this issue, pesticides of different types and different chemical contents were manufactured to help control insect attacks. The use of pesticides is common throughout the world. There are different kinds of pesticides applied at different stages of the crops. It is this increased use of pesticides to control pests from crops that is leading to CCD. Bees are of great importance when it comes to pollination. However, it is difficult for a bee to detect nectars with pesticides and those without. It is through these nectars that bees come into contact with pesticides which they digest into their bodies hence leading to CCD. Thus, in order to fully eradicate CCD, the United States Department of Agriculture is advocating the use of traditional methods to control pests. We should start to avoid use of pesticides. We should also adopt healthy farming styles including use of composite manure, rotation farming, shifting cultivation, among others. This will help to reduce disease and pest attacks on our crops. Alternatively, we ought to adopt traditional methods of pest control used in other parts of the world. It is high time for us to start exchanging ideas in regard to how we can control pests without necessarily using pesticides. Like in Africa, for instance, we can adopt the use of ash or raring of birds that feed on major insects found in our regions. This can facilitate agricultural production by controlling pests. While these means are essential in controlling pests, they are environmental friendly and cheap and easily accessible. It is therefore, governments and agricultural institutions responsibility to start educating people on the need to do away with the use of pesticides to control pests and try to use other friendly means. Furthermore, the researchers are exploring means to make seed-drilling machines safer for bees. This will also help cut down cases CCD across the world. According to Thompson (327), the solution is therefore in our hand, we should either do away with current use of pesticides to control pests or start to use other farming styles and practices that are environmental friendly and can help control pests and disease, or continue using modern pesticides and finally, have no bee left. While making a decision, we should remember that bees are significant insects in crop production as they serves as pollinators and thus, need to be well protected. If you are a beekeeper, you are also supposed to ensure that bees can have easy access to basic needs. You should provide bees with adequate water, nectars/sugar syrup, and shade. This will prevent bees from travelling log distances looking for nectars where they are infected with CCD. You should also ensure that the hives are warm and dry, and that there are no openings that can let inn predators. But of great importance, we should away with organic farming and start using inorganic farming. We should condemn and prohibit any use of pesticides in current farming methods and techniques. This is not only due to the fact that it causes CCD among colonies but also because it they are harmful to the environment some seeps through soils and join water bodies hence contaminating them. Benefits and risks of the main possible solution for CCD Benefits The adoption of inorganic and ancient farming methods that dont encourage use of pesticides will be of immense significance to the farmers. For instance, it will lead to production of crops that are healthy for consumption (Schacker McKibben 199). They also reduce cases of CCD among colonies. Consequently, there will high numbers of bees which will facilitate rapid pollination. For bee keepers, this solution will lead to high amounts of honey harvested. Quality of honey produced will be of immense significance as well. Risks With the modern world, lack of using pesticides will have immense negative effects of the harvest. This is because some pests are resistant to ancient methods of controlling pest. Thus, farmers will be harvesting lower harvests than ever before a fact that might lead to famine and starvation if not managed properly. Furthermore, the use of inorganic farming method is tiresome and demanding (Miller et al. 38). For instance, storage and transportation of composite manure is difficult and expensive. Keeping birds that feed on pests will mean additional costs since they will need proper care. Hence, as far as this is a lasting solution, we ought to be very keen when implementing it. We should ensure that we have proper alternatives and that we are all focused on the same objective. Additional possible alternative solutions Proper colony maintenance practices Even though it seems less harmful, the manner in which we handle and treat colonies matter a lot. According to research, proper colony maintenance practices can help significantly in reducing or eradicating cases of CCD. For instance, feed colonies Fumigillin in the spring and autumn to prevent Nosema (Johnson 17). According to researchers, Nosema apis is not viewed as the cause of CCD but its presence can create stress factors that might promote CCD. It is also vital to medicate against Nosema disease. If the colonies show symptoms of CCD, you should not reuse the equipment. Instead, such equipments should be stored till CCD is understood better. Varroa control Research has found that Varroa is also among the causes of CCD. Hence proper control of Varroa will help to reduce cases of CCD. However, consider using an integrated pest management (IPM) approach for Varroa control in honey bee colonies (Jacobsen 153). This approach can reduce the need for chemical use in your hives and also reduces the bees exposure to chemicals, thus preventing CCD. It is also crucial to be monitoring Varroa mite populations and take steps to treat your colony when levels of mite become unacceptable. If Varroa are controlled properly using efficient methods, we will have reduced chance of CCD by a high percentage. Conclusion In brief, scientists have observed in recent years a phenomena referred to as colony collapse disorder (CCD), that is characterized by mysterious disappearance of worker bees from hives, resulting to collapse. The new study has illustrated the correlation between CCD and the use of neonicotinoid insecticides while many factors have been proposed ranging from insect viruses to cell-phone radiation, and they may all play a role. Neonicotinoid insecticides are among the most broadly used in the world, mainly because they kill insects by paralyzing nerves but have inferior toxicity for other animals. Honeybees, themselves are significant part of agriculture, since they are accountable for the pollination of numerous crops, an approximated one-third of which is eaten by humans. Thus, we should do all means possible to ensure that we have controlled and eradicated CCD completely. Buy custom Colony Collapse Disorder essay

Why Animal Rights Activists Oppose Aquariums

Why Animal Rights Activists Oppose Aquariums Animal rights activists oppose aquariums for the same reason they oppose zoos. Fish and other sea creatures, like their land-dwelling relatives, are sentient and have a right to live free from human exploitation. In addition, there are concerns about the treatment of the animals in captivity, especially marine mammals. Aquariums and Animal Rights From an animal rights perspective, keeping animals in captivity for our own use is an infringement on that animals right to be free of human exploitation, regardless of how well the animals are treated. There are some people who doubt the sentience of fish and other sea creatures. This is an important issue because the rights of animals are based on sentience - the ability to suffer. But studies have shown that fish, crabs, and shrimp do feel pain. What about anemones, jellyfish and other animals with simpler nervous systems? While its debatable whether a jellyfish or anemone can suffer, it is clear that crabs, fish, penguins and marine mammals do feel pain, are sentient and are therefore deserving of rights. Some might argue that we should give jellyfish and anemones the benefit of the doubt because there is no compelling reason to keep them in captivity, but in a world where clearly intelligent, sentient beings such as dolphins, elephants and chimpanzees are kept in captivity for our amusement/education, the main challenge is convincing the public that sentience is the determining factor for whether a being has rights, and sentient beings should not be kept in zoos and aquariums. Aquariums and Animal Welfare The animal welfare position holds that humans have a right to use animals as long as the animals are treated well. However, even from an animal welfare viewpoint, aquariums are problematic. Animals in an aquarium are confined in relatively small tanks and can get bored and frustrated. In an effort to provide more natural environments for the animals, different species are often kept together, which lead to predatory animals attacking or eating their tank mates. Furthermore, the tanks are stocked either with captured animals or animals bred in captivity. Capturing animals in the wild is stressful, injurious and sometimes fatal; breeding in captivity is also a problem because those animals will live their entire lives in a tiny tank instead of a vast ocean. Special Concerns About Marine Mammals There are special concerns regarding marine mammals because they are so large and they so obviously suffer in captivity, regardless of any educational or entertainment value they may have for their captors. This is not to say that marine mammals suffer more in captivity than small fish, although that is possible, the suffering of marine mammals is more obvious to us. For example, according to the World Society for the Protection of Animals, a dolphin in the wild swims 40 miles per day, but US regulations require dolphin pens to be only 30 feet in length. A dolphin would have to circle his tank more than 3,500 times every day to simulate his natural range. Regarding killer whales in captivity, the Humane Society of the US explains: This unnatural situation can cause skin problems. In addition, in captive killer whales (orcas), it is the probable cause of dorsal fin collapse, as without the support of water, gravity pulls these tall appendages over as the whale matures. Collapsed fins are experienced by all captive male orcas and many captive female orcas, who were either captured as juveniles or who were born in captivity. However, they are observed in only about 1% of orcas in the wild. And in rare tragedies, captive marine mammals attack people, possibly as a result of post-traumatic stress syndrome after being captured from the wild. What About Rehabbing or Public Education? Some might point out the good work that aquariums do: rehabbing wildlife and educating the public about zoology and ocean ecology. While these programs are laudable and certainly not trivial, they cannot justify the suffering of the individuals in aquariums. If they operated as true sanctuaries for individual animals who cannot return to the wild, such as Winter, the dolphin with a prosthetic tail, there would be no ethical objections. What Laws Protect Animals in Aquariums? On the federal level, the federal Animal Welfare Act covers the warm-blooded animals in aquariums, such as marine mammals and penguins, but does not apply to fish and invertebrates - the vast majority of animals in an aquarium. The Marine Mammal Protection Act offers some protection for whales, dolphins, seals, walruses, sea lions, sea otters, polar bears, dugongs, and manatees, but does not prohibit keeping them in captivity. The Endangered Species Act covers endangered species that might be in an aquarium and applies to all types of animals, including marine mammals, fish, and invertebrates. Animal cruelty statutes vary by state, and some states may offer some protection to the marine mammals, penguins, fish and other animals in aquariums. The information on this website is not legal advice and is not a substitute for legal advice. For legal advice, please consult an attorney.

Has financial globalization failed to meet expectations Discuss Essay

Has financial globalization failed to meet expectations Discuss - Essay Example However, despite positive predictions of neoclassical models, there is empirical evidence, which calls into question the positive impact of financial globalization (Stulz 2005). The aim of this paper is to define the expectations associated with financial globalization and to explore whether financial globalization has failed to meet these expectations. Global cross-border liberalization of trade (the second age) in financial assets also knows as financial globalization has become possible after the WWII, when the countries have removed their barriers (Stulz, 2005; Mishkin, 2009). According to the neoclassical theorists, such a shift to financial liberalization should have been beneficial to both developed and developing economies (Stulz, 2005). The benefits associated with global liberalization were expected to be especially large and significant for developing countries (Kose, 2009). Great examples could be listed here are two the most populous countries in the world, which have managed to reduce the percentage of extremely poor people and, thus, to reduce income inequality in developing markets (Mishkin, 2009). Furthermore, financial integration is viewed as an important step for middle income emerging markets enabling to enhance macroeconomic stability in developing countries (Kose et al., 2009:9). In result of financial integr ation, capital-poor (developing) countries are expected to expand their narrow production bases (often dependent of natural resources or agricultural sector) leading to enhanced specialization and, thus, to decrease macroeconomic volatility (Kose et al., 2009). Moreover, liberalizations of equity market are recognized to be a strong driver of both short-term and medium-term growth (Kose et al., 2009). Mishkin (2006) in his book â€Å"The Next Great Globalization† also explains the benefits of financial globalization, arguing that financial globalization can bring huge benefits if there will be undertaken the

Explain three (3) world arguments for birth control and two (2) world Essay - 2

Explain three (3) world arguments for birth control and two (2) world arguments against birth control - Essay Example The pills further prevent ectopic pregnancies due to the fact that they are able to suppress ovulation which makes them the most preferred contraceptive alternative for women especially those who are at the risk of having ectopic pregnancies which is a great threat to life (Sanger, 2013). The birth control methods reduces the risk of contracting ovarian cysts which is a fluid-filled growth developing in the ovary. This is possible because the pills prevent ovulation. The methods further prevent pelvic inflammation diseases which are caused by bacteria that infect the fallopian tubes as well as the uterus and can cause infertility under extreme conditions. They also reduce the spread of acne which cannot be cured by other forms of medications. Birth control methods such as the use of pills lead to blood clots or venous thromboembolism especially in the legs and lungs. Recent studies have indicated that the chances of blood clot are six times high in women who use oral contraceptives in comparison to nonusers. The use of pills may not require the use of other drugs such as antibiotics, anticonvulsants, antifungals as well as herbal medicines which can affect the amount of contraceptive hormones that the can be absorbed by the stomach and other metabolic processes. It has been established that women who use birth control pills have increased systolic as well as diastolic blood pressure hence they need to keenly monitor their blood pressure so that they do not exceed the expected limit. Closely linked to blood pressure problems is heart attack condition which arises due to birth control pills and is more prevalent among those women who smoke cigarettes. This is highly witnessed among women who are 35 years and above hence those who use birth control pills at this age bracket should not smoke as that will increase chances of developing