Business Ethics and Rules Essay

Personally, I agree that Solomons ethical rudiments are a swell moral foundation for a bloodline. caper ethics is the study of what constitutes right and wrong (or good and bad) human apportion in a business context. (p25) From the lecture, we know that ethics matters because how organizations be take on have important implications for how they fulfill their social and economic roles and their success as hearty as the success of their employees, customers, etc. Thus, running a business ethically is good for business. Applying Solomons three Cs of business ethics and the eight rules of mentation ethics in business make good sense.The three Cs of business ethics include compliance, contri scarcelyions and consequences. The first gear C is the need for compliance with the rules, including the laws of the landand such general concerns as fairness. (p36) As a saying goes, Nothing can be utter(a) without norms or standards. Rules in business are intended to assert business st ructure or to control or influence the behavior of the business. permits take EU-Rent for example. EU-Rent is a car rental club give by EU-Corporation. EU-Rent sets up rules about rentals, returns, servicing and customers.For example, EU-Rent keeps records of customers, their rentals, and bad experiences. This information is use to decide whether to approve a rental. If EU-Rent doesnt comply with these rules, it may non organize well. The second C is the contri stillions business can make to society, by dint of the values and quality of peerlesss products or servicesand receipts of integritys activities to the surrounding community. (p36) For instance, economists conventionally assume that organizations primary goal is to maximize profits. Many successful organizations are piecemeal aware of the important relationship between profits and contri butions to society.Starbucks has seen its profits rebel as it has increased its investment in social issues. Those organizations who are do profits and dont contribute to society may nonplus criticism from the man. As the article The Sichuan Earthquake and the Changing Landscape of CSR in China, which was written by Ariel McGinnis, James Pellegrin, Yin Shum, Jason Teo, and Judy Wu (University of Pennsylvania), mentioned, In the days and weeks pastime the Sichuan earthquake, numerous multinational partnerships(MNCs) pursued a global CSR (corporate social responsibility) indemnity in line with their international standard.While some multinationals pledged cash, many opposites pledged a combination of cash, equipment and services. Domestic firms, by all accounts, out-donated multinationalsThe pop perception was that international firms relief contributions not only did not accommodate those of local Chinese companies in terms of scale or timeliness, but likewise were not commensurate with their presence in the Chinese market. Chinese consumers quickly seized upon this disparity by openly attacking m ajor MNCs, avocation for a boycott of their products The Chinese public soon gave these affected MNCs the call of international iron roosters. The term refers to a bird that never gives up a single feather, and its usage highlights the perceived stinginess of these international firmsDespite their superfluous donations, iron-rooster MNCs continued to face angry consumers throughout China, resulting in severe public backlash, including protests at several McDonalds and blockades at KFCs throughout Sichuan province and the lodge in of China. From this example, we can see how important the contributions that organizations should make to the society are.The third C is the consequence of business activityincluding the reputation of ones own company and industry (p36) Why the consequences of business activity are so important? Lets have a look at the following example. Once, Sanlu was one of the oldest and most popular brands of infant formula in China. It went into bankruptcy after the Sanlu milk scandal. Based on the media, By November 2008 China reported an estimated 300,000 victims, six infants dying from kidney stones and other kidney damage, and a hike up 860 babies hospitalized. Since the Sanlu Group didnt solve the problem and recall the products in time, it guide to a horrible incident. Doubtlessly, what did organizations do may affect their development and scour the well-being of the public. Organizations should not blindly pursue for profits only but similarly be responsive to society. To become successful, a business require to be driven by strong ethical values. If a corporation fails to adopt ethical values and cannot be responsive to society, it will fail, and like the Sanlu Group.Besides the three Cs of business ethics, Solomon also stated the eight rules of thinking ethics in business, which are also good moral foundations for a business. The eight rules include consider other peoples well-being, including the well-being of nonparticipan ts think as a fragment of the business community and not as an isolated individual obey, but do not depend solely on, the law think of yourselfand your companyas part of society obey moral rules think objectively ask the question What sort of person would do such a thing? and respect the customs of others, but not at the expenditure of your own ethics. (p40, 41) Based on the above statements, it is obvious to see that they are mainly about the concept of three Cs. According to the text, thinking ethically means thinking in terms of compliance with the rules, unsaid as well as explicit, thinking in terms of the contributions one can make as well as ones own possible gains, thinking in terms of avoiding harmful consequences to others as well as to oneself. (p40) In the case of Sanlu milk scandal, one of the main reasons behind

‘Otherwise’ by Cilla McQueen Essay

Love mess be a corking emotion full of joy though it is not the case in Otherwise, Cilla McQueen seems to cut into superstar of the rather disheartening issues, a big long-distance relationship. The free verse structured verse written in introductory person tells the story of cardinal respectrs living on paired sides of the world. The title indicates that differentwise recordes contrast between what is reality and what is hoped for. McQueen divided her poem to reflect this contrast, and uses it to symbolize an essential difference between these discernrs.The Poem consisting of two stanzas begins with examples of how hopeless the loudspeaker systems love is. McQueen Specifically in the first stanza illustrates the way things atomic number 18 and uses the line endings of the lines to emphasize the images which clearly clarify the division between the two people. The speaker also defines the distant loved nonpareil as the other which indicates her or him, being the oppo site which is supported by the stars which assemble in unfamiliar patterns.The speaker furthermore continues explaining how different t here cultures atomic number 18 since the speaker doesnt often watch traffic or television and alternatively watches nature and how hour by hour the huge tide comes in and leaves again. One can conclude that the speaker is accentuateing to define himself and express how things are not equal between them. But at the similar time the speaker is contradicting himself by still showing how in love he or she is. For example when she plug-ins how the Tide hitly fingers rocks and shells, which shows how the speaker is absent from the world noticing the smallest things trying to get his or her mind of the beloved one.The dissection here of stanza one and two is most certainly deliberately put in by McQueen at this daub because the division of the stanzas physically represent what could be the otherwise in the relationship. Therefore it is also the turni ng point in the poem where the speaker stops elaborating on how different there worlds are and instead dreams of how wonderful it would be though if they could get together.Interesting to notice at the beginning of the second stanza is how there the first word is not capitalized this seems to be an indication from McQueen toadditionally illustrate how the first stanza is not so important singularly and that the second stanza is a type of personal react to signify, how even though the speaker can find hundreds of reasons for himself why it lingo work, he or she still does not want to give up the hope that it might still work. In this stanza the speaker also seems to be truly distant from his or her real world and lost in his own mind, which again reflects how in the first stanza the speaker reads how he or she often absently fingers rocks and small shells and that the speaker seems to be at this state during this part of the poem. The Speaker begins with the wishful phrase if you were with me now and then thinks and trys to imagine how it would be with his or her loved one, were as one notices here the metaphors and hyperboles very well, such(prenominal) as the speakers wish to watch the distant seismograph together, meaning how nice it would be to just look into the distance at the rigid playscape filled by mountains with funds peaks.During all this McQueen uses rattling powerful imagery to better express herself, such as the silver peaks which darken into indigo. This continues with the great flock of terns seabirds, this part being very significant again because after the birds wheel up shrieking they land again behind them showing how the loved ones are now one and that nothing can easily get between. The poem now continues to the point were the speaker really seems to long for his or her loved one and wishes that they could at least just be together where the speakers cold hands represents the forlornness and the need of the other ones love to feel well again.The speaker continues severalise how they would walk together quietly right to the very end signifying the efficiency of there love and how the speaker thinks he or she will love the one forever. At the very end of stanza two the speaker easily returns to reality again bearing the big chained rocks holding back the comparable Pacific Ocean being remember again by the problems, plainly this time the speaker is more relaxed again and doesnt use such harsh words but instead ends it with the same pacific ocean, weighed down in. The second stanza also consists of a more relaxing flow, in the first stanza there are really few punctuation freehanded the subscriber the feeling of nervousness and stress compared to the second stanza were there is an increased physical exercise of punctuations such as commas, creating a more relaxed and comfortable setting.The Poem boilersuit is a very deep work portraying the strange slipway of love, and how love can even survive when o ne is in hurt of being far away from a loved one, this problem can also occur between family and even very close friendships, giving the poem a much broader field of affection. The poem is very kind and brings up a lot of feelings which can be positive as well as negative giving the possibility to the reader that the psyche to make up his own thoughts to the issue.

Adoloscence and substance abuse Essay

Adolescence is a critical period in man teaching. It is the period during which individual(a)s undergo biological, psychological and fond transformations, as they become adults. These transformations suffer it simultaneously and without conscious awargonness by youth going with these changes. Any transformation an adolescent goes through whitethorn have an move on the introduction and progression of teenage snapper design. Substance abuse is dose abuse. Most philia maltreaters globally atomic number 18 the adolescents. This is because their readingal pose is vulner sufficient to anything.The brain development of an adolescent is non fully developed. A teenager may somaticly resemble an adult but shut away lack the brain maturation to think like one. To expect adolescents to sword adult like decisions in regard to summation use is an marvellous expectation for around teenagers. Adolescence is defined as those mienal changes that embrace set out between child ishness and maturity or adulthood. It is the changing period from childhood to adulthood. Adolescence is viewed as a judgment of conviction where biological, psychological and accessible transitions take place.It is the most critical set up of human development. During adolescence, various behavior patterns become to a greater extent frequent (Cobb, 2006). These behavioral trends include risk- taking behaviors, conflicts between the adolescence peers and pargonnts and greater neighborly development. Every individual adapts to their behavior depending on how they were brought up, their companionable interactions and adult work ons. The physical development of adolescence is known as puberty. It is the stage a person is able to reproduce (Cobb, 2006). Adolescence Physical development is all about the body changes.It involves venereal growth, changes in body odor. Voice changes, growth of pubic hair, breast development and menstruation in female. The psychosocial development of adolescence is complicated. It involves hormones, love interests and intellectual pursuits. All this complicates adolescence development. In this development, stress, depression, lack of sleep, and anxiety are common among teenagers (Johnston et al, 2006). It is during this psychosocial development that adolescent teenagers are at risk of bad behavior. This development mostly involvesintellectual pursuits and social interactions. Adolescents brains are usually not fully developed. This plays a major aim in immature emotional and cognitive development. It is during adolescence that teenagers adapt easily to different behaviors. How bad and well the behavior is depended on how an individual was brought up and the social interactions. Many risky behaviors such as substance abuse spark off at the adolescent stage of human development. Adolescence is withal a sentence when unripe individuals take risks that can have a long while effectuate on their health and well being.Substan ce abuse is the maltreat of medicines. Most adolescents are prone to drugs and substance abuse. This is because the adolescent brains are not fully developed, and this plays a role in the decisions they make. Immature brain sections may place teenagers at prominent risk to the effects of drugs. persecute of drugs or substance abuse is mostly associated with the adolescents. Globally, it is estimated through research that five billion nation who abuse or use substances are the adolescent (Johnston et al, 2006). Adolescence is a period of significant personal development.It is in this adolescent stage that teenagers are let to make their own decisions. They choose their friends and how they want to live their life. It is during this stage that they can adapt easily to certain behaviors due to influences. It is said that adolescence is the time of testing and novelty seeking. Curiosity on drugs is one way that makes young people abuse substances. Millions of young people try an il licit drug at least once during their adolescent long time. The most common substance abuse among adolescents is alcohol and tobacco. Most of the teenagers will have tried both of the two or both.It is estimated that twelve years is the average age of children to take their first alcoholic drink. Nearly 20 percent of twelve to xx year old is considered to be binge drinkers (Cobb, 2006). Tobacco smoking is also prone to adolescents. Most smokers globally start at their teenage years hence become addicted. It is said that teens are more vulnerable to habituation and receptive to nicotine than are those who start to smoke as adults. Causes of adolescence substance use vary. Peer selection processes, peer influences and cognitive biases play a major role in adolescents substance use.Parental influences also play a role in adolescence substance use. How the adolescent is raised and how the parents behave with them is all-important(a) to their development. The parent teenage relations hip plays major roles in adolescent substance use. Substance abuse has its effects to an individual. Adolescents who use substances frequently are at risk for healthy problems. Alcohol, tobacco and some other drugs have certain effects that can cause mental and heath problems. Substance abuse adolescents are at a high risk for various issues that may cut off with their development.The physical, psychological and social effects of adolescent substance or drug abuse can have lasting consequences for the individual. This may interfere with a successful transition from adolescence to adulthood. On-going adolescent substance abuse can make an individual be at a greater risk for colony in adulthood (Cobb, 2006). The physical consequences of adolescent substance abuse impact an individual physical development. Physical injuries and illnesses occur as a payoff of drug related accidents and overdoses. The psychological consequences of adolescent substance abuse dissemble an individual psychological development.Psychological development is all about the brain. The Misuse and overdose of substances leads to mental health problems. Alcohol is one substance that affects an individual psychological development (Cobb, 2006). Tobacco misuse can lead to illnesses such as lung cancer. Other problems may also arise due to tobacco smoking. These illnesses caused by substance abuse can also lead to death. extensive substance abuse can cause depression an anxiety, which can adjourn an adolescent ability to function and develop in a amentaceous manner. There are also social consequences due to adolescent substance abuse.Adolescents who frequently abuse substances are more possible to have issues with their social development. Most of them tend to isolate themselves from family and friends. They are also more likely to have troubles with the law and law enforcers. Due to this, the adolescent substance abuser can bring problems within the family. Adolescence is a critical st age. Parents, teachers and any other adult should be role models for healthy behaviors. This is because adolescents adapt certain behavior from their peers and adults. Substance abuse affects adolescents mostly, and this can be avoided if the child to adolescent development is proper.Substance abuse causes major risks to adolescence development. Due to this, it is important for adolescents to be taught proper behavior and be corrected when they wrong. Parents, teachers or other adults are people who should play major roles in teenagers life. They are a great influence in adolescents hence should be well role models. References Cobb, N. (2006). Adolescence. sunrise(prenominal) York McGraw-Hill. Johnston, L. D. , OMalley, P. M. , & Bachman, J. G. (2006). Monitoring the Future National Survey Results on Drug Use. New York National Institute on Drug Abuse.

Huaneng Essay

Per capita beer consumption of Peru assumed to triple over 10 year time and matching global standards of 72 litres by utmost year.Income elasticity (0.498) incorpo charge per unitd into model as a lever of gross domestic product Growth ( legate for beer gain potential)This is multiplied with assumed increase of 3x in per capita beer intake to go into at a macro economic proxy of 7.49%We subtract the given honour with CPI Index ( inflation metric) factoring in assumed 5% price growth in beer * Negetive wrong Elasticity( -1.676) arriving at net macro economic proxy= 6.89%CASH full stop GROWTH RATE-IICash flow growth taken as consumption of both fast growing macro economic factors + company unique(predicate) performanceCompany Specific Growth RateHistoric EBITDA growth run given in case =52.4% ( 50.4 mn USD(02) 31.69 mn USD(01) The site is normalized and reduced gradually with power of 5% decrease to arrive at terminal pry growth lay of 2.39%( To account for rising estimat ed contestation locally and South American Brewery industry and unfavourable govt policy)Terminal grade Growth Rate = Function of long term Peru growth rate* Industry Beta Cash flow growth rate arrived for initiatory 10 years6.89%( Macro-economic proxy)+ 21.6% ( Company specific revenue growth) The arrived growth rate is accounted for a inflation of 2.5% assumed. Final cash flow growth rate used in DCF Model= 25.5%DISCOUNTED CASH FLOW MODEL( altogether figures in USD Mln)QUESTION 1(b)Can you think of an alternative way to value Backus based on the information of the case?Explain how you would do it, what the value would be and how it would differ from the DCF results.RELATIVE VALUATION -I( Data Source-Exhibit 16)- All figures in USD MlnApproach-1 Price/Sales methodFirst we get the comparable in the southAmerican targets and compute the fairish P/Sales multiple. ( 2.12)We multiply bonny P/S multiplewith Company Sales (137.19) toarrive at market determined FirmValue ( 290.82 U SD Mln)Dividing by follow of generate class Ashares(87.2 mln), we finally arriveat a lot price of 3.35 USDRELATIVE VALUATION-II( Data Source-Exhibit 16) All figures in USD MlnApproach-2 EV/EBITDA Method First we get the comparable southAmerican targets and compute theaverage EV/Ebitda multiple. ( 11.8)We multiply average EV/EBITDAmultiple with Company EBITDA(50.47) to arrive at marketdetermined Firm Value ( 596.81USD Mln)Dividing by number of open class Ashares(87.2 mln), we finally arriveat a Share price of 6.84 USDRELATIVE VALUATION- A RECAPWe find our incorrupt RV approach using (EV/EBITDA) & (P/S) Method returning a dissipated value less than that of DCF Method.FIRM VALUE

Knapp 3.5 Goodner Brothers

KNAPP CASE 3. 5 GOODNER BROTHERS, INC. 1. Internal cover objectives Goodners Huntington sales office should endure implemented a. Separation of duties sales reps like Woody were given unrestricted access to the accounting governance where they could directly enter transactions. Sales reps also had direct access to farm animal depot areas, and often delivered customer orders. b. Physical controls Pad locks served as the guarantor of Goodners inventory. There should discombobulate been stronger security since the value ranged from $300,000 $700,000. c.Monitoring Management should have monitored inventory more often than once a year. Also, throwaways were non alter to accounting records until the year-end inventory was taken. 2. Huntington units operations displayed inside control weaknesses. One main weakness was giving sales representatives so much access. Sales reps did not keep square-toed documentation of sales orders and had direct access to the accounting system. T his gave the internal auditors no way to range sales amounts. Sales representatives also had direct access to inventory storage units. . The Huntington unit should require all sales reps to fill out proper sales order or credit forms. Sales reps should not have direct access to the accounting system access should only be given to the bookkeeper. Sales reps should also not be allowed to make in-person deliveries for customers. 4. Felix Garcia was partly responsible for Goodners inventory loss because he did not properly monitor inventory levels. Al Hunt was also partially responsible for the inventory loss because he dismissed his suspicions that Woody was marketing stolen inventory.

The Neanderthal Man In Retrospect

We permit always been fascinated by Darwin and his theories of evolution. With so more than schools of thought of how the earth came into existence, it seemed im contingent to narrow down our choices, analyze individually theory, and prove e trulything that it postulates. It was a clear indication that the search for our ancestors, and the missing crosstie will continue until an answer is sought. But, will we ever find let out? For now, that remains to be seen.The porcine man is believed to be one of the missing links in our ancestry. Like the Cro-Magnon man, Peking man, and Java man, this species became extinct 32,000 old age ago. The purpose of this account is to familiarize the reader with the boorish man and the possible theories that might require guide to his extinction.The remains of the Neanderthal man, besides cognise as man (sapiens) neanderthalensis, was discovered in 1856 by workers quarrying for limestone in Neander Valley, Dusseldorf, Germany. These fossi ls were also found in other parts of Europe and Asia. They were considered a subspecies of humans because upon examination, they had features that argon almost similar with humans, except for minacious brow ridges, a long low skull, and a robust draft (Foley, 2002).Neanderthals were shorter than the ultramodern man, and as previously stated, had prominent brow ridges. Aside from that, they had low, slant foreheads, a chinless and heavy, forward-jutting jaw, extremely large front teeth, wider shoulders and pelvis, more cone-shaped rib cage, and shorter forearms and lower legs (capital of South Carolina Encyclopedia, 2005). Some scientists, majority of which are paleoanthropoloists, claim that these were not a subspecies of humans because of their more primitive appearance. According to Stringer and bump (1993), the Neanderthals are a late get to of human race erectus or a descendant of that species.It was believed that the Neanderthals have been living in Europe 200,000 years out front the world sapiens arrived (BBC News, 2007).In van der Dennens give Review seek on Neanderthal Man (2005), he stated thatThis was the first reason of a distinct (and now extinct) species or subspecies of human, Homo (sapiens) neanderthalensis, that lived during the after part of the Pleistocene epoch, more familiarly known as the nut Age, some 200,000 to 30,000 years ago.During 1917, Emil Bachler, in one of his excavations in the mountains of Switzerland, found no fossils of the Neanderthals (Van der Dennen, 2005). However, Mousterian tools and the remains of many cave bears were in abundance. Mousterian tools were most closely associated with Neanderthals. Bachler also felt that the castanets and the tools were part of a ritual, and believed that the Neanderthals practice some crystallize of bear cult (Van der Dennen, 2005). This led to the notion that the Neanderthals, like humans, had some get up of communication and culture.When the fossil of this subspecies was studied by world-renowned pathologist and anatomist, Rudolf Virchow, he found out that the remains had evidence of rickets and osteoporosis, and he attributed this to the ape-like appearance of Neanderthals. Rickets and Osteoporosis is a manifestation of Vitamin D deficiency. Francis Ivanhoe (1970) in his paper supported Virchows statement and postulated that the disease causes skeletal deformities and enlargement of the colored and spleen (Thompson, 2002).This maybe true because in the Pleistocene epoch, more usually referred to as the IceAge, sunlight was a rarity. Vitamin D, in itself is stored in an inactive form and in order for it to be utilized by the body, it needs to be converted to its active form by UV rays (good source, sunlight). Therefore, it is not strike that a number of fossils recovered during this era had evidence of bone deformities.However, Trinkaus and Shipman (1992), claimed that Neanderthal features are not caused by these bone diseases and argued that the bones of the 1st Neanderthal, were more or less 50% thicker than the average modern man. Klein (1989), supported this idea by study the long bones of Neanderthals and those of rickets victims. He claimed that both of their long bones are more curved than normal but rickets causes a sideways curvature of the femur, while Neanderthal femurs curve backwards.If Neanderthals are more human than ape, then it should follow that these subspecies should have survived today. Surprisingly, this is not the case. oneness of the earliest theories of the extinction believe that the Ice Age era, with its harsh climate, could have killed the Neanderthals. It points out that during this period, it was not only the climate that affected them, but the scarcity of resources were a factor as well. However, Professor Katerina Harvati, a palaeoanthroplogist from the Max Planck found for Evolutionary Biology, Germany, said The more controversial date of circa 24,000 years ago, places the determina tion-place Neanderthals just before a major climate shift that would have been characterised by a large expansion of ice sheets and the onset of coldness conditions in northern Europe (Morrelle, 2007).Another theory is is the candelabra work or multiregional evolution theory. According to Trinkaus and Shipman (1992)Though the evidence in diverse regions of the Old World records genuinely different events, nowhere is there evidence for violent confrontations between Neandertals and modern humans (myths notwithstanding). The mosaic of local evolution, migration, admixture, absorption, or local extinction of Neandertals was a complex process that occurred over the last 10,000 years (p.416).But, Tattersall (2005), in his book, had another theory. He is convinced that the extinction of Homo neanderthalensis was brought about by the arrival of the more intelligent and more adaptable Homo sapiens, and that the latter killed the race of the former. On his book he wroteIt is vanishingly u nlikely, however, that peaceful assimilation was an overall option, with groups of the two kinds of humans the resident Homo neanderthalensis and the invading Homo sapiens or Cro-Magnons exchanging members when they met and going their separate ways, or joining forces. More likely, perhaps, if intermixing is to be considered at all, is a scenario of well-equipped and cunning Homo sapiens descending on Neanderthal groups, killing the males through schema and guile, certainly not through strength and abducting the females(p. 202).However, there was no evidence of large scale killings (Richards, 1987), and the theory of Biological displacement was proposed. It states that the Neanderthals and modern man (Cro-Magnons), coexisted and lived side by side. But, due to the fact that humans are much more intelligent than these subspecies, they might have indirectly led to the extinction of Neanderthals by driving them away from their territories. These led to occasional rage between the g roups, but, as expected the humans won, driving them to places with insufficient resources for sustenance. Ironicallly, the very species that are studying these Neanderthals are the cause of their extinction.Works CitedNeanderthal Man. Columbia Encyclopedia 6th edition. 2005.Foley, Jim. Creationist Arguments Neandertals 31 October 2002. Talkorigins. 14 folk 2007 http//www.talkorigins.org/faqs/homs/a_neands.htmlIvanhoe, Francis. Was Virchow Right close to Neanderthal? 1970. Nature, 227577-579Klein, Richard. The Human Career Human Biological and Cultural Origins. 1989.Morrelle, Rebecca. Neanderthal Climate Link Debated. 13 September 2007 BBCNews. 15 September 2007 http//news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/6992721.stmRichards, G. Human Evolution An Introduction for the behavioural Sciences. 1987.Stringer, Andrew and Clive Gamble. In Search of Neanderthals. 1993.Tattersall, Ian. The Last Neanderthal The Rise, Success, and Mysterious Extinction of Our close-set(prenominal) Human Relativ es. 2005.Thompson, Bert. Neanderthal Man Another Look. May 2002. Apologetics Press. 15September 2007 http//www.apologeticspress.org/articles/491Trinkaus, E., and P. Shipman. The Neanderthals Changing the Images of Mankind.1992.Van der Dennen, Johan. The Continuing Essay of Neanderthal Man Book Essay. 2005.Rechten University of Goningen. 15 September 2007 http//rechten.eldoc.ub.rug.nl/FILES/departments/Algemeen/overigepublicaties/2005enouder/NEANDER/NEANDER.pdfThe Day We Learned To Think Programme Summary. 20 February 2007. BBCNews. 14 September 2007http//www.bbc.co.uk/science/horizon/2003/learnthink.shtml

Boys Without Girlfriends

Boys with come to the fore daughter partners in nonspecific urethritis Introduction As a coeducation institution sons and misss subscribe to breakher in North S kayoedh University, they come in contact with m either strangers on the sidewalks, steps, classrooms, and library. At start these individuals constituted a confusing blur of mess they didnt know. In a relatively short period, however, as they walked stilt on the campus or sat in the classrooms, either(prenominal) tones began to stand appear simply because they passed by or sat beside a a few(prenominal) individuals more than than once. These casual and unplanned contacts soon led to mutual recognition.Those boys and young womans whitethorn non engender kn admit who these individuals were, but they came to recognize their faces. As a end both of them were more the likely to say Hi the next fourth dimension they saw superstar a nonher and perhaps exchanged a countersign or two closely random topics such as the coming(prenominal) exam, or few event on campus. Thus they become acquainted(predicate) to each an other(a)(prenominal) and this familiarity leads to liking. This happens when thither is too much exposure amid boys and girls and they become friends each other. As a result, repeated exposure unremarkably results in increasingly positive smellings and friendly sexual intercourses. They become friends and come surrounding(prenominal) to each other.It helps them to find the right person they atomic number 18 learning for, and they expect more connection from their likeable persons to know each other real well. nigh of the students be aged between 20 and 25, as teen people they norm all in ally arouse more draw poker towards the opposite sex, they may fall in esteem with their male or female classmates. untried boys bewilder this kind of feelings or attraction to girls. When either newfangled boy finds the qualities in a young girl that he is looking for , he may fall in spang with that girl. The young male students of nonspecific urethritis contain this kind of feelings and they may look for the right girl in nonspecific urethritis.But all boys may non be nail female friends in nonspecific urethritis for several(prenominal) solid grounds and the research composition provide be focused on mainly the condition of those boys without female friends and how they handle the situation. pic The boys without young womans in NSU round of the boys are without girl friends in NSU, there may be m some(prenominal) reasons behind it. At present love is a great disregard in any young persons animateness each boy inadequacys to ready a girl friend to get company. It is in like manner a psychological need of any young boy, they need love, and affection, and sympathize with and mental support from someone special and it is usually his female friend.When any boy doesnt pretend girl friend, he may feel the need of company and the wi shinging of his psychological needs. It may be a typical condition for those boys who seriously fatality the mental support and love from a girl whom they are looking for. The other boys dont have this kind of problem if they find themselves perfect without girl friends. The realizable reasons for having no girl friends, the condition without girl friends and feelings of those boys are mainly discussed on the basis of questionnaire For the research I did my survey on 50 boys who did not have any missy in NSU.I prepared the research base analyzing their replies and showed the answers through graphs. pic The reasons for not having little girl The first question was to identify the reason why the boys dont have girl friend. Boys may have different reasons for having no girl the reasons may be financial problems, landing field pressure and others. The survivals were mainly overhauln based on the realistic situations of the boys in NSU. The first option was -study pressure all st udents need to work hard, study regularly in NSU. They forever and a day remain busy with their studies and do not have enough let go condemnation.The next option was shortage of gold. bills is a big issue in todays agonistic world and it is considered one of the close important facts in any blood. It is not exceptional for the boys in NSU and they dont want to expire too much money beyond their limitations. The third option was lack of measure. The students always remain busy with their studies, classes, project and part time jobs. virtually students force not have so much time to drop down in vain. They are always in rush to finish their full treatment on time. The at last option was for those boys who did not want to have topic with girls during their study.But it was rare. The result of the options leave behind be tack together from the following graph. pic If we look at the graph, 15%students said they did not have female friends for study pressure, 20% showed the reason of shortage of money and the relaxation 15% did not have enough time to remain matter, their lake of time was the reason for not having miss. pic The subject more or less love Love is a central issue in most peoples lives and some times people may not know the right meaning nigh love. Their perspective may be different and every one female genitals regain intimately love in different way.The second question was asked that the boys had clear fancy somewhat love to make relationship with any girl. pic From the graph, the opinions of the question allow for be clear. It was found that 20% said they had clear idea about love, 10% said that they did not have so much companionship about love to make interest with any girl. The rest of the 20% gave opinion that it was not necessary to have clear idea about love, because everyone magnate have different feelings and purposes to get multiform in affair. pic notion of money The importance of money in love was ment ioned in the first question.Money has magical effect to start and continue an affair. There is a ordinary modern proverb The thicker the money bag of boys, the deeper the love is of the girls. So money has major impact on affair. about of the boys in NSU potently supported that proverb, as they do not have enough sources to reach money and to spend the money for their girlfriends. Money is mainly important for boys to treat, give precious gifts to their girlfriends. It is one of the strategies to impress girl and to maintain social status. It is seen that boys always spend money when they have affair with a girl.At present this handed-down way to impress girl has not been changed, in the survey it was found 40% boys strongly agreed with the impact of money on affair. Most of the students believed that it was not affordable for them to treat a girl in some prestigious and expensive restaurant or first food shop. They overly gave opinion that they paid a lot of money for their education, so they were not supposed to soften extra money for maintaining femalefreind. If anyone had a girlfriend, he managed money in different ways. Only 5% believed that money did not have any effect on affair.The rest 5% answered money susceptibility have effect on affair occasionally not for always. So economical issue is considered as one of the important fact for the boys who think shortage of money is the main reason for having no girlfriend. pic From the graph the persuasiveness of money is visible, so it crowd out be said that money is one of the important factors on affair. pic What boys think about NSU girls? The research paper provide mainly focus on the boys who dont have girl friends in NSU. There was as well a question what the boys thought about NSU girls. The options were mainly based on the different perspectives.First option was the NSU girls were not sincere for long time relationship. It was found some girls lost their attraction and they did not have so much assiduity to continue the relationship for a long time. The next option was they could besides be good friends for their friendly qualities and behavior. The third option was that the girls hang out barely for study benefits, it was often seen some girls mainly hang out with the boys to get the assignment, project done by the boys and they made good relationship only for study benefits. After the semester they were not as friendly as they before.It was alike found that many girls were very rude and they did not want to have affair with any boys. Most of the boys thought that those girls did not lever any ones feelings and they neer likered the likeness of others at any cost. It will be clearer from the graph what boys in reality think about NSU girls. pic From the pie chart, it has become obvious that the girls of NSU are not good for any long time relationship. The half of the boys (25%) agreed with that. But they idler be good friends fit in the opinion of 10% bo ys. Other 10% boys gave different opinion they said some girls hang out only for study benefits.The rest 5 % replied that a few girls did not look on the feelings or likeness of any boy. So it is found that NSU girls are not good for any long time relationship according to the opinion of the boys. pic Necessity of having girlfriend in NSU There was also a question whether the boys thought that it was necessary having a female friend in NSU. Since boys and girls study together for a long time it is affirmable for them to get involved in affair. If we look at the graph it will be clear how many boys think to have affair with a girl in NSU. Their opinions related with the question will also visible. pic fractional of the students said that they might have girlfriend without hampering study. When any boys and girls have affair, there may be some horny problems, which causes loosing concentration to study. As the students pay al lot of money for their studies and they never want to f ail or acquire lower grades in their courses. 25% boys wanted to have girlfriend without hampering their studies. Other 15% strictly said that it was not necessary to love any girl in NSU. Only 5% replied it was necessary having girlfriend and the rest 5% said that the boys could have only one girlfriend not more than one.It is found most of the boys prefer to have girlfriend without hampering their studies. pic Bad expereince about affair with NSU girls When people have any mentally ill expereince of any thing in his look, he will never want to do the same thing again. If any boy has good-for- nix expereince about romantic relationship, he must try to avoid getting involved in relationship receivable to his previous expereince. many boys may have gravely experiences about relationship with NSU girls. It was also include in the questionnaire. The first option was about the heart breaking, there might be some facts that could break any boys heart.The second option was about th ose who did not have any bad expereince about relationship with NSU girls. The next option was the fact of world rejected. It was found in most cases that the majority of the boys were rejected and they incured mentally for a long time. When any boy is rejected, it might be difficult for him to overcome his mental low. It is a customary fact in NSU that many boys have the pathetic expereince of being rejected. The following graph will show how many boys have bad expereince about relationship with NSU girls. picFrom the bar graph, we can see that few students (10%) had heart broken expereince. The majority of the students (20%) did not have any bad expereince. Some boys were found having the expereince of being rejected those 15% mainly did not get any response from the girls to get involved in affair. The rest of the students had other experiences. pic What boys do when they see any duad? It is found that most of the boys are without girlfriends in NSU, and few of them have gi rlfriends. What happened when the boys saw the couples and their answer was asked in the questionnaire.It was found that most of the students did nothing when they saw any couple, they did not have any reaction and they took it normally. some of the students were found that they prise, criticized and sometimes dreamed to be like them. It will be clear from the graph pic It is seen that 40% boys did nothing and they did not show any reaction. So when they saw any couple it seemed to be usual fact to the boys. A few of boys were found who admired or criticized when they saw any couple. Fantasies also worked in the boys who dreamed to be a couple with the girls whom they loved. pic Feelings of boys without girlfriends The next question was about the most in the altogether issue- the feelings of the boys without girl friends. Most of the boys feel loneliness-an emotional and cognitive reaction to having fewer and less satisfying relationship than one desires. Loneliness is courteo us by negative effect, including feelings of depression, anxiety, unhappiness, and dissatisfaction. The boys who did not have enough friends, they felt alone(p) without girl friends in NSU. Some boys do not bother right in any kind of serious type of relationship like affair.Those boys may be happy without girlfriends because they do not have other responsibilities and restrictions. They are free from emotional bindings. A young boy without girlfriend may feel boring, he become tired for his monotonous life without the regular company of a charming girlfriend. It is usual fact for the young aged people they always expect the company of opposite sex. Few boys may be found that they do not want to get involved in an affair. They may dislike having romance with any girl during their study. The reply of the boys is shown in the following graph. picThe bar graph shows that half of the boys (25%) replied they were free from all kinds of responsibilities in affair. They did not need to b e worried about their duties to girlfriends. The other 15% felt the loneliness. Though they had friends, they expected the company of a girlfriend and the lack ness made them feel lonely. Only 5% felt boring in the condition without girlfriend and the rest 5% thought differently. They said that they were fine without girlfriends and they did not want to be involved in any close relationship with a girl in NSU. pic Passing time without girlfriendWhen a boy is involved in an affair with a girl, he usually passes time together and enjoys the every effect they are passing together. But the boys without girlfriends passed their time in different ways. When they are alone they pass the time in studying, Most of the boys without girlfriends pass their time chatting with friends. This gives them opportunity to pass time in an enjoyable way. It may train the lack of the girlfriends company, and the boys do not feel loneliness. Some boys who did not have enough friends, they might feel lone liness and those boys passed the time walking alone outside the campus.Most of the boys without girlfriends do not want to be preclude and they pass time according to their own choice. From the graph it will be clear by how most of the boys pass time without girlfriends. pic If we look at the graph, majority of the boys (35%) passed time by chatting with friends and enjoyed the company while they were with their friends. The other 10% students replied that they passed time by studying in library. A few of the boys (5%) passed time by browsing Internet and mailing friends who live in abroad. From all the replies of the boys, it is visible that most of them enjoy their friends company to pass free time. pic Facing problems without girlfriends When boys could not get involved in romantic relationship with the girls whom they loved, they (boys) were discomfited and passed through problematic life. The problem that they rattling face is for loneliness. When any boy feels loneliness, h e may be frustrated or depressed and it hampers his mental satisfactions. A boy may suffer more depression when a girl refuses him, he may be frustrated for his heart broken. He lost confidence or attraction to love when he found his dream did not come true, it might change his mentality and idea about love.When any boy proposes a girl, he must be self-confident but after the refusal he can loose his self-confidence and never want to propose any girl in rising. In this way the boys may be dissatisfied with affair and they loose attraction to love. The options in the question focused the problems that boys go about without girlfriend. pic The graph is indicating that how many boys face problems when they dont have girlfriends. 20% of the boys felt the problems of requiring regular company of a girl. 15% replied that they were often frustrated and dissatisfied with their condition without girlfriends.The other 10% said that they were loosing confidence when any girl refused them, an d the rest 5% answered that they were loosing attraction to love. pic Future desire to have girlfriend The boys who are now without girlfriends may have wish to get involved in affair with a girl in future. The last question was about the future planning of boys to make any girl as girlfriend in future, it actually depended on some several conditions. Every body wants to find out the similarities from others to continue a relationship. Similarities are more important than repeated exposure.When any boy finds similar mentality, choices with a girl, he becomes emotionally weak to her. They always look for a girl who has all kinds of qualities that the boys are looking for. Some students do not prefer girlfriends in student life and they never want to make girlfriends in future. Sometimes it actually depends on the situation if the boys are capable to continue relationship. Most of the boys are afraid to get involved in affair due to family restriction. If the boys get support from the parents, they may be involved in romantic relationship with girls.They will try to do that when there is no family restriction. pic Since the research paper is based on the opinion of the boys without girlfriends, there was also given two open questions to write down how they coped with the situation and whether they actually preferred the condition without girlfriends. Many boys gave different opinions and expressed feelings when they had no girlfriends, they passed life with bad expereince if they were rejected or cheated by any girl. It might have impact on a boys mind when he would not get the girl whom he loved.From the replies of the boys it is also seen that some of the boys are fine because they dont have any extra responsibilities for a particular girl as the boys have no romantic relation with any girl. pic Conclusion When life itself does not come to a pick up and any one does not stop breathing, than there is no being upset in being upset for not having girlfriend and jeopardizing their own life. Actually this is the age to study and to build them up and there will always be a better one for waiting. Most of the boys in NSU are young and this is the stage to prepare them for the future.Their entire future mainly depends on how they pass their young age and how much they can concentrate in study. When any student can overcome all his problems and pay attention to study he must be victorious in his life, he wont be afraid to face any problems that he may come across in future. Most of the boys are without girlfriend in NSU, it can give them mental dissatisfaction for the want of company. The reasons and conditions without girlfriends may be different, but the important thing is not to shorten the condition without girlfriends seriously.So if the boys think their life is boring and they are loosing confidence due to frustration, it will be harmful to them in future. No one can progress without self-confidence. If any boy has problems without girlf riend, he should try to overcome the depression by any means to keep him free from all kinds of emotional and psychological problems. It will be beneficial for their own future. This is the age for having playing period not getting into serious mental depression. They should look at the intense side of not having girlfriends they spend money and time in enjoying games, ingest out with friends, and camping.

A Rose for Emily and Sweat

NameMouri Moumita ID0920605015 1. There is no lots(prenominal) thing as a clean or an meanspirited news, Wilde says in the Preface. Books are thoroughly written, or badly written. That is all. Does the novel confirm this argument? Wilde published his unless novel, The generate of Dorian decrepit, before he reached the height of his fame. It was criticized as lurid and im clean. Disappointed with its reception, Wilde revised the novel in 1891, adding a preface and hexad new chapters.The Preface anticipates some of the criticism that might be leveled at the novel and answers critics who charge The Picture of Dorian Gray with being an immoral tale. It also briefly sets forth the tenets of Wildes philosophy of art. Devoted to a school of thought and a mode of sensibility known as aestheticism, Wilde believed that art possesses an intrinsic valuethat it is beautiful and therefore has worth, and thus call for serve no other purpose, be it moral or political. The Picture of Doria n Gray is the story of unitary beautiful, innocent young mans seduction, moral corruption, and eventual downfall.We meet our three primal characters at the beginning of the defend, when lynx Basil Hallward and his close friend, Lord heat content Wotton, are treating the subject of Basils newest painting, a gorgeous young thing named Dorian Gray. Basil and Henry discuss just how perfectly perfect Dorian is hes totally innocent and exclusively good, as well as being the most beautiful goose ever to walk the earth. Lord Henry wants to meet this mysterious boy, barely Basil doesnt want him to for some reason, hes afraid of what will happen to Dorian if Lord Henry digs his claws into him.Reflecting on the course of his past twenty dollar bill years, he confronts Lord Henry, whom he believes is responsible for leading him astray. Lord Henry gives Dorian a book. Dorian criticizes the yellow book that, years before, had such a profound influence over him, claiming that this book d id him great harm. This charge is, of course, alien to Wildes philosophy of aestheticism, which holds that art cannot be either moral or immoral. Lord Henry says as much, refusing to believe that a book could have such power.The idea that there is no morality in art, only beauty (or an absence of beauty, in the case of bad art), is the central tenet of a movement known as aestheticism, which sought to relinquish literature and other forms of artistic expression from the burden of being honourable or instructive. Wilde himself was associated closely with this creed, as the Preface to The Picture of Dorian Gray makes clear. But the novel that follows grapples with the philosophy of art for arts saki in a complicated way. After all, the protagonist suffers from the lessons he has larn from the yellow book that has poisoned him.Lord Henry insists that a book can do no such thing, and we are left to decide how much damned one can place on a book and how much blame must(prenominal) be placed on the reader. Indeed, in one respect, The Picture of Dorian Gray seems to be a novel of extremely moral sensibilities, since Dorian suffers because he allows himself to be poisoned by a book. In other words, he defies the artistic principles that structure the yellow book. One must wonder, then, if there is such a thing as a book without some sort of moral or instruction

Judicial Law-Making Essay

The independence of the judiciary was ensured by the rush of settle man indicantt 1700, which transferred the function to sack decide from the crown to the parliament. Consequently, settle should theoretically make their decisions ground purely on the consistent deductions of actor, uninfluenced by political or c arr countations. The eighteenth century reasoned commentator, William Blackst maven, introduced the declarative possibility of truth, stating that adjudicate do non make rectitude, simply when merely, by the rules of precedence, disc everywhere and declare the right that has always been the judge being blaspheme to determine, non according to his private sentiments ot according to his own private judgement, precisely according to the known righteousness of natures and customs of the land non delegated to pronounce a sassy law, only when to maintain an expound the old mavin.Blackst maven does not accept that creator does not even offer a filling b etween two or to a greater extent definitions of the law where a fearful decision is make, he states, the new one that reverses or overrules it is not a new law, nor a statement that the old decision was bad law, but a declaration that the previous decision was not law, in other words that it was the wrong answer.His view presupposes that in that location is always one right answer, to be deduced from the objective study of precedence. Today, however, this position is considered somewhat unrealistic. If the function of precedent is the precise science Blackstone suggested, a large majority of object lessons in the higher courts would never come to court at all. The lawyers concern could simply reckon up the relevant human face law and predict what the decision would be, then advise whichever of the clients would be bound to nod off not to bother bringing or fighting the elusion.In a civil case, or any appeal case, no good lawyer would advise a client to bring or defend the case that they had no chance of winning. Therefore, where much(prenominal) a case is contested, it brush aside be assumed that, unless one of the lawyers has made a mistake, it could go either way, and clam up be in accordance with the law. In practice, thus, judges decisions may not be as neutral as Blackstones asserting(prenominal) theory suggests they pee-pee to make choices which are by no means spelled erupt by precedent.Yet, rather than openly stating that they are choosing between two or more equally relevant precedents, the courts find ways to avoid clownish ones, which give them the impression that the precedents they do choose to follow are the only ones they could possibly apply. Ronald Dworkin reasons that judges have no real discretion in making case law. He sees law as a broadloom web of principles, which supply a right answer and only one to every possible problem.Dworkin reasons that although stated legal rules may run forth (in the sense of not being di rectly applicable to a new case) legal principles never do, and therefore judges never need to map their own discretion. In his book, laws empire 1986, professor Dworkin claims that judges first look at previous cases, and from those deduce which principles could be said to apply to the case for them. They then consult their own sense of justice as to which apply, and as well as consider what the communities view of justice dictates.Where the judges view and that of the community coincide, there is no problem, but if they conflict, the judges then ask themselves whether or not it would be fair to impose their own sense of justice over that of the community. Dworkin calls this the interpretive woo and, although it may appear to involve a series of choices, he considers that the legal principles underlying the decisions mean that in the end, only one result could possibly surface from any one case.Dworkins approach has been heavily criticised as being unrealistic opponents believe that judges do not consider principles of justice but take a some(prenominal) more pragmatic approach, looking at the facts of the case, not the principles. Critical legal theorists, like as David Kairys (1998) take a quite different view. They argue that judges have considerable freedom within the doctrine of precedent. Kairys suggests that there is no such thing as legal argumentation in the sense of a logical, neutral method of determining rules and results from what has gone sooner.He states that judicial decisions are real based on a interlinking mixture of social, political, institutional, experiential, and personal factors, and are simply legitimated, or justified, by case to previous cases. The law provides a wide and conflicting variety of such justifications from which courts pick and choose. The process is not necessarily as distrustful as it sounds. Kairys points kayoed that he is not saying that judges actually make the decision and then consider which preceden ts they can pick to exempt it rather their own eliefs and prejudices naturally lead them to give more system of weights to precedents which support both views.Nevertheless, for critical legal theorists, all such decisions can be seen as reflecting social and political judgements, rather than objective, purely logical deductions. Critical theory argues that the neutral appearance of so called legal reasoning disguises the true nature of legal decisions which, by the choices made, uphold existing power relations within society, tending to favour, for example, employers over employees, property owners over those with out, men over women, and rich, developed countries over miserable, undeveloped ones.Griffith (1997) argues that judges make their decisions based on what they see as the public post, but that their view of this participation is coloured by their background and their position in society. He points out that judges view of public interest assumes that the interests of al l the members of society are roughly the same, ignoring the fact that within society, different groups, employers and employees, men and women, rich and poor may have interests which are diametrically opposite. What appears to be acting in public interest will usually mean in the interest of one group over another, and therefore cannot be seen as neutral.Waldron, in his book The Law (1989), agrees that judges do make law, and that they are influenced in those instances of law-making by political and ideological considerations, but argues that this is not necessarily a bad thing. He contends that while it would be wrong for judges to be biased towards one side in a case, or to make decisions based on political factors in the hope of promotion, it is unrealistic to behave a judge to be a political neuter gelded of all values and principled commitments.Although judges have traditionally seen themselves as declaring or finding rather than creating law, and frequently state that maki ng law is the prerogative of the parliament, there are several areas in which they clearly do make law. In the first place, historically, a great deal of incline law is and always has been case law, made by judicial decisions. get under ones skin and civil wrong law are still largely judge made, and many of the most important developments for example, the development of negligence as a tort have had profound effects.Even though statutes have later been passed in these subjects, and occasionally parliament has attempted to embody whole areas of common law in statutory form, these still embody the original principles created by the judges. Secondly, the performance of law, whether case law or statute, to a particular case is not usually an automatic matter. Terminology may be vague or ambiguous, new developments and social life have to be accommodated, and the procedure requires interpretation as well as application.As we have suggested, judicial precedent does not always make a particular decision unmistakable and obligatory there may be conflicting precedents, their implications may be unclear, and there are ways of getting round a precedent that may otherwise produce an undesirable decision. If it is accepted that Blackstones declaratory theory does not apply in practice, then clearly the judges do make law, rather than ex starking the law that is already there. The theories advanced by Kairys, Griffith, and Waldron, all accept that judges do have discretion, and therefore they do to some extent make law.Where precedents do not spell out what should be done in a case before them, judges nevertheless have to make a decision. They cannot simply say that the law is not clear and refer it back to parliament, even though in some cases they point out that the decision before them would be more appropriately fixed by those who have been elected to make decisions on changes in the law. This was the case in Airedale NHS Trust v Bland (1993), where the ingles ide of Lords considered the fate of Tony Bland, the football supporter left in a coma, by and by the Hillsborough stadium disaster.The court had to decide whether it was lawful to stop supplying the drugs and sentimental feeding that were keeping Bland alive, even though it was known that doing so would mean his death soon afterwards. Several law lords made it plain that they felt that cases raising wholly new moral and social issues should be decided by the Parliament, the judges role being to apply the principles which society, through with(predicate) the democratic process, adopts, not to impose their standards on society. Nevertheless, the courts had no option but to make the decision one way or another, and they decided that the process was lawful in the circumstances, because it was in the patients best interests. Thirdly, our judges have been left to define their own role, and the role of the courts generally in the political system, more or less as they please. They have , for example, given themselves the power to review decisions of any public body, even when parliament has said those decisions are not to be reviewed.In addition, despite their frequent pronouncements that it is not for them to arbitrate in parliaments law making role, the judges have made it plain that they will not, unless forced by very perspicuous wording, interpret statutes as encroaching on common law rights or judge made law. They also control the operation of case law without reference to parliament an obvious example is that the 1966 practice statement announcing that the HOL would no longer be bound by its own decisions, which made case law more flexible and thereby gave the judges more power, was made on the courts own authority, without needing permission from parliament.The HOL has explained its approach to judicial law-making (which is likely to be the same for the Supreme Court) in the case of C (a minor) v DPP 1995, which raise the issue of childrens liability f or crime. The common law refutal of doli incapax provided that a D aged between 10 and 14 could be credible for a crime only if the prosecution could prove that the child knew that what he or she did was seriously wrong.On appeal from the magistrates court, the divisional court held that the defence was outdated and should no longer exist in law. An appeal was brought before the HOL arguing that the divisional court was bound by precedent and not able to change the law in this way. the HOL agreed and went on to consider whether it should change the law itself (as the 1966 practice statement clearly allowed it to do), but decided that this was not an appropriate case for judicial law making.

International Staffing Policies Essay

ethnocentric is a staffing policy that is consumptiond in companies that has primarily external strategic orientation. This policy is gener everyy adopted by headquarters by direct employees from the sign or pargonnt countries to the host country. This approach is utilize scoop in some situations such as, a team is move from the home country to help organizeting up a new base as well as train subsidiary personnel to use new system. The benefit of having staffs from home country abroad is that employees may go on experiences knowledge basewide in order to become higher level in prudence of their headquarters because international managers require broad perspective and international exposure.For the exercising of Ethnocentric policies have McDonalds.McDonalds follows the ethnocentric orientation model. This requires an American management culture in all worlds areas inside(a) and outside the companion (HRM, production method, training, motivation) McDonalds has created it own world center for training The Hamburger University. Headquartered in Oak Brook, Illinois (USA). It offers training programs exclusively for McDonalds employees. These staff, coming from over 119 countries, represents the McFamily. The training program of the Hamburger University aims to educate the McDonalds staff at all levels of the organization. it also aims to train pack for a long career at McDonalds, as the policy is ground on long-term careers concept and strong possibilities of diverge and development within the group. It promises simple teammate to move up the ranks quickly. This is a crucial foreland for McDonalds HRMs communication. In Europe and in spite of cultural diversity, this model demonstrates its large success.Polycentric is the policy involved hiring and promoting employees who are citizens of the host countries that the subsidiary is operated. This policy is best used when companies want to honor hiring cost low. Moreover, employees who are hired at subsidiary level would not have any chore adapting to the culture. Communication is smooth within the operation.For the example of Polycentric policy StarbucksThrough a flat and flexible structure, Starbucks empowers employees to make decisions without management referral and are encouraged to consider themselves as a part of the business. This point is issued by companys corporate culture and such hammer environs has positive ripples on employees motivation. This principle increases the involvement and the commitment of each(prenominal) employees from subsidiaries and makes them feel necessary for the company. This high level of autonomy allows workers to be more innovative and to take more initiatives.Thanks to its structure and to the empowerment of its employees, the company has managed to facilitate the exchange and the transversal communication, which allows it to react rapidly to the customers needs or to cope with more effectively with problems.Starbucks CEO and the bo ard of directors wanted the military commission statement to convey a strong sense of organizational end and to articulate the companys fundamental beliefs and guiding principles.They also stipend attention to employees and customers concerns to make the mission statement evolve. Indeed, these mission statements are found on several principles that consider the interests of customers, communities, employees, shareholders, and ecological considerations in all aspects of their operations.geocentric staffing approach is used when companies adopt a transnational orientation. It is best used when companies need the best personnel to work at subsidiary. Employees are selected regardless where they come from. This staffing strategy is reliable for all subsidiaries because best employees are selected and sent from the companys worldwide network.For the example of Geocentric staffing have VolkswagenThe repugn of this joint venture was in harmonizing the Czech culture with the Volkswage ns (VW) culture. The validation of the new corporate culture has gone through three stagesTo lay in this VW culture in the Czech plant, policy measures varied. For example, information was disseminated concerning the activities in all sections of the company, including in the head office, training was downed at VW and VW were assigned to the VW manufacturing plant in the Czech Republic to spread the to VW company philosophy. The main problem centered on the difference between the socialist mind set and the VW culture. To resolve the problem, key positions were entrusted to employees from VW, trained in the dual system. The creation of a uniform corporate culture in a multicultural environment is a very important strategic task. The solution was to link the distinguishable work attitudes with different business structures for a new unit to be reborn. Then, all participants would be satisfied.Staffing ApproachStrategic AppropriatenessAdvantagesDisadvantagesEthnocentric globalOverc omes lack of qualified managers in host nationUnified civilisationHelps transfer core competenciesProduces resentment in host country prat lead to cultural myopiaPolycentricMultidomesticAleviates cultural myopiaInexpensive to implementLimits career mobilityIsolates headquarters from foreign subsidiariesGeocentricGlobal and translationalUses forgiving resources efficientlyHelps build strong cultre and informal management network dearly-won

Generally Accepted Accounting Principles

more often than non veritable invoice Principles ( coupled States) In the U. S. , gener e rattling last(predicate)y accepted score rationales, unremarkably abbreviated as US gener altogethery accepted be principles or simply generally accepted ac find principles, argon account reconcilement rules ingestiond to prepargon, dedicate, and c everyplace m integritytary carryments for a wide mannikin of entities, including humansly-traded and privately-held companies, non- internet organizations, and governments. slackly GAAP includes local applicable method of accounting Framework, related accounting law, rules and method of accounting Standard.Similar to many separate countries practicing nether the common law system, the wholeed States government does non directly exercise snip accounting proto fictitious characters, in the mental picture that the private sector has better experience and resources. US GAAP is not written in law, although the U. S. Securities a nd Exchange rush (SEC) requires that it be followed in fiscal describe by publicly-traded companies. Cur countenancely, the m anetary account statement Standards calling card (FASB) is the highest authority in establishing more often than not accepted accounting principles for public and private companies, as sanitary as non-profit entities.For local and state governments, GAAP is determined by the governmental bill Standards Board (GASB), which operates down the stairs a set of premisss, principles, and constraints, different from those of standard private-sector GAAP. pecuniary pass overing in national government entities is regulated by the Federal chronicle Standards Advisory Board (FASAB). The US GAAP eatable differ somewhat from International Financial coverage Standards (IFRS), though fountain SEC Chairman Chris Cox set out a timetable for all U. S. ompanies to drop GAAP by 2016, with the largest companies turn to IFRS as early as 2009 Basic accusatorys Fin ancial describe should get out selective development that is designful to present to potential investors and creditors and former(a) users in reservation rational investment, credit, and other pecuniary finales. helpful to present to potential investors and creditors and other users in assessing the amounts, timing, and uncertainty of prospective immediate payment knows. about economic resources, the claims to those resources, and the changes in them. edit Basic conceptsTo achieve underlying objectives and implement fundamental qualities GAAP has quadruple fundamental assumptions, four basic principles, and four basic constraints. edit Assumptions accounting Entity assumes that the occupancy is separate from its owners or other businesses. Revenue and expense should be unploughed separate from personal expenses. passage Concern assumes that the business volition be in operation indefinitely. This validates the methods of plus capitalization, depreciation, and am ortization. Only when liquidation is certain this assumption is not applicable. M peerlesstary Unit principle assumes a stable capital is going to be the whole of study.The FASB accepts the nominal value of the US vaulting horse as the monetary unit of record unadjusted for inflation. The Time-period principle implies that the economic activities of an enterprise bed be divided into artificial time periods. edit Principles cost principle requires companies to account and motif establish on acquisition cost rather than fair commercialise value for most assets and liabilities. This principle come throughs information that is reliable (re lamentable opportunity to provide subjective and potentially biased merchandise values), hardly not very relevant.Thus there is a trend to use fair values. Most debts and securities be now reported at commercialise values. Revenue principle requires companies to record when task tax revenue is (1) realized or accomplishable and (2 ) earned, not when property is genuine. This modal value of accounting is called accrual basis accounting. interconnected principle. Expenses form to be matched with revenues as long as it is reasonable to do so. Expenses ar recognized not when the work is performed, or when a production is produced, but when the work or the product actually take aims its contribution to revenue.Only if no connection with revenue can be established, cost may be charged as expenses to the ongoing period (e. g. office salaries and other administrative expenses). This principle allows greater paygrade of actual profitability and process (shows how a great deal was spent to earn revenue). derogation and Cost of Goods Sold argon unafraid examples of application of this principle. Disclosure principle. tot and kinds of information disclosed should be unyielding based on trade-off analysis as a big amount of information cost more to prep are and use.Information disclosed should be enough t o make a judgment while keeping be reasonable. Information is presented in the chief(prenominal) body of fiscal statements, in the notes or as supplementary information edit Constraints Objectivity principle the order fiscal statements provided by the accountants should be based on objective evidence. Materiality principle the significance of an item should be considered when it is reported. An item is considered significant when it would affect the decision of a reasonable individual. accord principle It incriminates that the conjunction uses the aforesaid(prenominal) accounting principles and methods from year to year. oversight principle when choosing amid ii solutions, the one that will be least(prenominal) likely to overstate assets and income should be picked (see conclave of conservatism). largely Accepted write up Principles (UK) The Generally Accepted score praxis in the UK, or UK GAAP, are the overall body of regulation establishing how company accounts must be on the watch in the United Kingdom. This includes not only accounting standards, but likewise UK company law.What is referred to elsewhere as Generally Accepted Accounting Principles is in the UK referred to as Generally Accepted Accounting fare. edit History Accounting standards bring in from a public figure of sources. The chief standard-setter is the Accounting Standards Board (ASB), which issues standards called Financial account Standards (FRS). The ASB is piece of music of the Financial Reporting Council, an case-by-case regulator funded by a levy on listed companies1, and it replaced the Accounting Standards commissioning (ASC), which was disbanded in 1990 following a number of criticisms of its work.To the extent that the ASCs pronouncements, known as Statements of Standard Accounting Practice (SSAPs), have not been replaced by FRS, they await in force. edit Creation/change of Standards The ASB has a formal exposure dish up for proposed standards. Early c oncepts are issued as Discussion Papers. These are released to the public and comments invited. Where a overbold standard is to be proposed, a Financial Reporting motion-picture show Draft (FRED) is released for comment. The standard in final form is only issued when comments have been incorporated or loted.This aims to address the criticisms levelled at the ASC, whose comment process was less(prenominal) rigorous. Issues that require an immediate solution are considered by the Urgent Issues problem Force (UITF). The UITF comprises a number of senior figures from industry and accounting firms. It meets as necessary to consider military press issues and issues Abstracts which become binding immediately. edit Legislation The chief(prenominal) legislation governing reporting in the UK is laid down in the Companies answer 2006, which incorporates the requirements of European law.The Companies Act sets out certain minimum reporting requirements for companies and, for example, req uires limited companies to file their accounts with the recorder of Companies who makes them addressable to the general public. From 2005, this framework changed as a end point of European law requiring that all listed European companies report under International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRSs). In the UK, companies which are not listed have the option to report either under IFRSs or under UK GAAP2.Recently issued UK FRSs have, in any boldness replicated the wording of corresponding IFRSs, reducing the differences between the two sets of standards significantly. China Accounting Standards From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Redirected from Chinese Accounting Standards) Jump to navigation, search Chinese accounting standards are the accounting rules use in Chinese state owned mickles in mainland China. They are presently being phased out in favour of Generally Accepted Accounting Principles or International Accounting Standards.As of February 2010, the Chinese Account ing Standard formations is unruffled of Basic Standard, 38 particular standards and Application Guidance. Chinese accounting standards are unique because they originated in a socialist period in which the state was the sole owner of industry. wherefore unlike Western accounting standards, they are less a asshole of profit and loss and an inventory of assets available to a company. In wrinkle to a Western end sheet, Chinese accounting standards do not include an accounting of the debts that a union holds, and are less worthy for management control than for accounting for tax revenueation purposes.This system of accounting is wide considered to be unsuitable for managing corporations in a market economy. As a answer, Chinese corporations are gradually moving toward International Financial Reporting Standards. This has proven to be a monolithic undertaking. As a topic Chinese companies who offer shares for sale in the United States used to be required to prepare three sets of statements, one using Chinese accounting standards (China GAAP), one using international standards (IFRS), and one using North American GAAP standards (US GAAP).However, since 2008 the U. S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) allows contrasted private issuers to use fiscal statements prepared in accordance with IFRS. 1 However, in recent years, The Finance department of Chinese Government has issued new Chinese Accounting Standards which converge into IFRS and the proportion is almost 90-95%. The translation cost has been trim down greatly because of this measureGenerally Accepted Accounting PrinciplesGenerally Accepted Accounting Principles (United States) In the U. S. , generally accepted accounting principles, commonly abbreviated as US GAAP or simply GAAP, are accounting rules used to prepare, present, and report pecuniary statements for a wide variety of entities, including publicly-traded and privately-held companies, non-profit organizations, and governments. G enerally GAAP includes local applicable Accounting Framework, related accounting law, rules and Accounting Standard.Similar to many other countries practicing under the common law system, the United States government does not directly set accounting standards, in the belief that the private sector has better knowledge and resources. US GAAP is not written in law, although the U. S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) requires that it be followed in pecuniary reporting by publicly-traded companies. Currently, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) is the highest authority in establishing generally accepted accounting principles for public and private companies, as well as non-profit entities.For local and state governments, GAAP is determined by the Governmental Accounting Standards Board (GASB), which operates under a set of assumptions, principles, and constraints, different from those of standard private-sector GAAP. Financial reporting in federal government entiti es is regulated by the Federal Accounting Standards Advisory Board (FASAB). The US GAAP provisions differ somewhat from International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS), though former SEC Chairman Chris Cox set out a timetable for all U. S. ompanies to drop GAAP by 2016, with the largest companies switching to IFRS as early as 2009 Basic objectives Financial reporting should provide information that is useful to present to potential investors and creditors and other users in making rational investment, credit, and other monetary decisions. helpful to present to potential investors and creditors and other users in assessing the amounts, timing, and uncertainty of prospective silver receipts. about economic resources, the claims to those resources, and the changes in them. edit Basic conceptsTo achieve basic objectives and implement fundamental qualities GAAP has four basic assumptions, four basic principles, and four basic constraints. edit Assumptions Accounting Entity assumes t hat the business is separate from its owners or other businesses. Revenue and expense should be kept separate from personal expenses. Going Concern assumes that the business will be in operation indefinitely. This validates the methods of asset capitalization, depreciation, and amortization. Only when liquidation is certain this assumption is not applicable. Monetary Unit principle assumes a stable currency is going to be the unit of record.The FASB accepts the nominal value of the US Dollar as the monetary unit of record unadjusted for inflation. The Time-period principle implies that the economic activities of an enterprise can be divided into artificial time periods. edit Principles Cost principle requires companies to account and report based on acquisition costs rather than fair market value for most assets and liabilities. This principle provides information that is reliable (removing opportunity to provide subjective and potentially biased market values), but not very relevan t.Thus there is a trend to use fair values. Most debts and securities are now reported at market values. Revenue principle requires companies to record when revenue is (1) realized or realizable and (2) earned, not when coin is received. This way of accounting is called accrual basis accounting. Matching principle. Expenses have to be matched with revenues as long as it is reasonable to do so. Expenses are recognized not when the work is performed, or when a product is produced, but when the work or the product actually makes its contribution to revenue.Only if no connection with revenue can be established, cost may be charged as expenses to the current period (e. g. office salaries and other administrative expenses). This principle allows greater evaluation of actual profitability and performance (shows how much was spent to earn revenue). Depreciation and Cost of Goods Sold are good examples of application of this principle. Disclosure principle. Amount and kinds of information d isclosed should be decided based on trade-off analysis as a larger amount of information costs more to prepare and use.Information disclosed should be enough to make a judgment while keeping costs reasonable. Information is presented in the main body of financial statements, in the notes or as supplementary information edit Constraints Objectivity principle the company financial statements provided by the accountants should be based on objective evidence. Materiality principle the significance of an item should be considered when it is reported. An item is considered significant when it would affect the decision of a reasonable individual. Consistency principle It means that the company uses the same accounting principles and methods from year to year. Prudence principle when choosing between two solutions, the one that will be least likely to overstate assets and income should be picked (see convention of conservatism). Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (UK) The Generally Ac cepted Accounting Practice in the UK, or UK GAAP, are the overall body of regulation establishing how company accounts must be prepared in the United Kingdom. This includes not only accounting standards, but also UK company law.What is referred to elsewhere as Generally Accepted Accounting Principles is in the UK referred to as Generally Accepted Accounting Practice. edit History Accounting standards derive from a number of sources. The chief standard-setter is the Accounting Standards Board (ASB), which issues standards called Financial Reporting Standards (FRS). The ASB is part of the Financial Reporting Council, an independent regulator funded by a levy on listed companies1, and it replaced the Accounting Standards Committee (ASC), which was disbanded in 1990 following a number of criticisms of its work.To the extent that the ASCs pronouncements, known as Statements of Standard Accounting Practice (SSAPs), have not been replaced by FRS, they remain in force. edit Creation/Revisi on of Standards The ASB has a formal exposure process for proposed standards. Early concepts are issued as Discussion Papers. These are released to the public and comments invited. Where a new standard is to be proposed, a Financial Reporting Exposure Draft (FRED) is released for comment. The standard in final form is only issued when comments have been incorporated or addressed.This aims to address the criticisms levelled at the ASC, whose comment process was less rigorous. Issues that require an immediate solution are considered by the Urgent Issues Task Force (UITF). The UITF comprises a number of senior figures from industry and accounting firms. It meets as necessary to consider pressing issues and issues Abstracts which become binding immediately. edit Legislation The principal legislation governing reporting in the UK is laid down in the Companies Act 2006, which incorporates the requirements of European law.The Companies Act sets out certain minimum reporting requirements fo r companies and, for example, requires limited companies to file their accounts with the Registrar of Companies who makes them available to the general public. From 2005, this framework changed as a result of European law requiring that all listed European companies report under International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRSs). In the UK, companies which are not listed have the option to report either under IFRSs or under UK GAAP2.Recently issued UK FRSs have, in any case replicated the wording of corresponding IFRSs, reducing the differences between the two sets of standards significantly. China Accounting Standards From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Redirected from Chinese Accounting Standards) Jump to navigation, search Chinese accounting standards are the accounting rules used in Chinese state owned corporations in mainland China. They are currently being phased out in favour of Generally Accepted Accounting Principles or International Accounting Standards.As of February 2010, the Chinese Accounting Standard Systems is composed of Basic Standard, 38 specific standards and Application Guidance. Chinese accounting standards are unique because they originated in a socialist period in which the state was the sole owner of industry. Therefore unlike Western accounting standards, they are less a tool of profit and loss and an inventory of assets available to a company. In contrast to a Western balance sheet, Chinese accounting standards do not include an accounting of the debts that a corporation holds, and are less suitable for management control than for accounting for tax purposes.This system of accounting is widely considered to be unsuitable for managing corporations in a market economy. As a result, Chinese corporations are gradually moving toward International Financial Reporting Standards. This has proven to be a massive undertaking. As a consequence Chinese companies who offer shares for sale in the United States used to be required to prepare th ree sets of statements, one using Chinese accounting standards (China GAAP), one using international standards (IFRS), and one using North American GAAP standards (US GAAP).However, since 2008 the U. S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) allows foreign private issuers to use financial statements prepared in accordance with IFRS. 1 However, in recent years, The Finance Department of Chinese Government has issued new Chinese Accounting Standards which converge into IFRS and the similarity is almost 90-95%. The translation cost has been reduced greatly because of this measureGenerally Accepted Accounting PrinciplesA corporation must use the same depreciation method for tax and financial reporting purposes. Must use different depreciation methods for tax and financial reporting may use different depreciation methods for tax and financial reporting must use different (than for tax purposes), but purely mandated, depreciation methods for financial reporting purposes. 1 points appa rent movement 2 1 . Allocation of the historic costs of inflexible assets against the annual revenue they become is called net profits. Gross profits. Depreciation. Amortization. 1 points headspring 3 1 .Given the financial passenger cars preference for swift receipt of property blends, a monthlong depreciable flavour is preferred to a shorter one. A shorter depreciable brio sentence is preferred to a longstanding one. The manager is not concerned with depreciable lives, because depreciation is a non- silver expense. The manager is not concerned with depreciable lives, because once getd, depreciation is considered a sunk cost. 1 points head 4 1 . The Modified Accelerated Cost recuperation System (MACROS) is a depreciation method used for tax financial reporting managerial cost accounting fountainhead 5 .The depreciable life of an asset is of concern to the financial manager. In general, a nightlong depreciable life is preferred, because it will result in a faster re ceipt Of cash fluxs. A shorter depreciable life is preferred, because it will result in a faster receipt of cash flows. A shorter depreciable life is preferred, because management can past purchase new assets, as the old assets are written off. A longer depreciable life is preferred, because management can postpone purchasing new assets, since the one-time(a) assets still have a useful life. 1 points Question 6 1 . A corporation sold a fixed asset for $100,000.This is an investment cash flow and a source of funds. An run cash flow and a source of funds. An operating cash flow and a use of funds. An investment cash flow and a use of funds. Question 7 1 . A corporation raises $500,000 in long debt to sire additional plant capacity. This is considered an investment cash flow. A finance cash flow. A financing cash flow and investment cash flow, respectively. A financing cash flow and operating cash flow, respectively. 1 points Question 8 1 . A firms operating cash flow (SCOFF) is delimit as Ross profit minus operating expenses.Generally Accepted Accounting PrinciplesIntroduction The purpose of this report is to identify the items that may result in adjusting entries for both prepayments and accrual by looking at the mental testing balance and Income statement. Furthermore, analyzing the historical summary of financial Is to know the trend for profit or loss of the company assets.Fundamental First of all, why we have to make sad? Balance day adjustments are therefore required to check off the financial statements portray a correct picture on the firms financial performance and financial position. We have to recognize all transaction occurring in that accounting period, irrespective of whether cash has been received or pay. The ultimate objective of adjusting entries Is to date that the revenues (income) earned In the accounting period are matched by all costs Incurred for that name accounting period (Monish College, 2011).Prepayment There are two types of adjusting entries, prepayments and accruals. Prepayment is a payment in surface of the period to which it pertains. What this mean is, this home of adjustments aligns recorded revenues (income) and costs with appropriate accounting periods. For example, there are situations where cash Is received before goods and work are provided to customers or situations where cash has been paid In advance for costs of operation and which relate to futurity counting periods.Prepayments divided into two sections, which are prepaid expenses and u get alongned revenue. prepay expenses is type of assets that shown on a balance sheet as a result of business payments for goods and services to be received in the burn down future. sequence prepaid expenses are initially recorded as assets, their value Is expensed over time as the benefit Is receive something of value in the near future. Prepayments often occur In regard to Insurance, supplies, advertising, and rent. Earned revenue is also know n as prepaid revenue. It means payment, which is received in advance of providing a good or service. Since an obligation exists on the part of the company to provide goods or services for which the advance payment was received, honorary revenue is a liability. An example is a retainer received by an attorney. When the services are performed, revenue is the earned. Another examples are pre-booked airline ticket, rent received In advance and magazine subscriptionGenerally Accepted Accounting PrinciplesA corporation must use the same depreciation method for tax and financial reporting purposes. Must use different depreciation methods for tax and financial reporting may use different depreciation methods for tax and financial reporting must use different (than for tax purposes), but strictly mandated, depreciation methods for financial reporting purposes. 1 points Question 2 1 . Allocation of the historic costs of fixed assets against the annual revenue they generate is called net prof its. Gross profits. Depreciation. Amortization. 1 points Question 3 1 .Given the financial managers preference for faster receipt of cash flows, a longer depreciable life is preferred to a shorter one. A shorter depreciable life is preferred to a longer one. The manager is not concerned with depreciable lives, because depreciation is a non-cash expense. The manager is not concerned with depreciable lives, because once purchased, depreciation is considered a sunk cost. 1 points Question 4 1 . The Modified Accelerated Cost Recovery System (MACROS) is a depreciation method used for tax financial reporting managerial cost accounting Question 5 .The depreciable life of an asset is of concern to the financial manager. In general, a longer depreciable life is preferred, because it will result in a faster receipt Of cash flows. A shorter depreciable life is preferred, because it will result in a faster receipt of cash flows. A shorter depreciable life is preferred, because management can th en purchase new assets, as the old assets are written off. A longer depreciable life is preferred, because management can postpone purchasing new assets, since the Old assets still have a useful life. 1 points Question 6 1 . A corporation sold a fixed asset for $100,000.This is an investment cash flow and a source of funds. An operating cash flow and a source of funds. An operating cash flow and a use of funds. An investment cash flow and a use of funds. Question 7 1 . A corporation raises $500,000 in long-term debt to acquire additional plant capacity. This is considered an investment cash flow. A financing cash flow. A financing cash flow and investment cash flow, respectively. A financing cash flow and operating cash flow, respectively. 1 points Question 8 1 . A firms operating cash flow (SCOFF) is defined as Ross profit minus operating expenses.Generally Accepted Accounting PrinciplesIntroduction The purpose of this report is to identify the items that may result in adjusting en tries for both prepayments and accrual by looking at the trial balance and Income statement. Furthermore, analyzing the historical summary of financial Is to know the trend for profit or loss of the company assets.Fundamental First of all, why we have to make BAD? Balance day adjustments are therefore required to ensure the financial statements portray a correct picture on the firms financial performance and financial position. We have to recognize all transaction occurring in that accounting period, irrespective of whether cash has been received or paid. The ultimate objective of adjusting entries Is to ensure that the revenues (income) earned In the accounting period are matched by all costs Incurred for that name accounting period (Monish College, 2011).Prepayment There are two types of adjusting entries, prepayments and accruals. Prepayment is a payment in advance of the period to which it pertains. What this mean is, this category of adjustments aligns recorded revenues (income ) and costs with appropriate accounting periods. For example, there are situations where cash Is received before goods and services are provided to customers or situations where cash has been paid In advance for costs of operation and which relate to future counting periods.Prepayments divided into two sections, which are prepaid expenses and unearned revenue. Prepaid expenses is type of assets that shown on a balance sheet as a result of business payments for goods and services to be received in the near future. While prepaid expenses are initially recorded as assets, their value Is expensed over time as the benefit Is receive something of value in the near future. Prepayments often occur In regard to Insurance, supplies, advertising, and rent. Earned revenue is also known as prepaid revenue. It means payment, which is received in advance of providing a good or service. Since an obligation exists on the part of the company to provide goods or services for which the advance payment was received, unearned revenue is a liability. An example is a retainer received by an attorney. When the services are performed, revenue is the earned. Another examples are pre-booked airline ticket, rent received In advance and magazine subscription