Organisational Behavior Notes Essay

Definition* The study of human conduct, attitudes and per constituteance within institutional setting to mitigate performance and differences. * Frame inclines of theories, methods and rationales from disciplines such as psychology, sociology, political * The physical compositional IcebergThe study of organisational doings embraces, therefore an understanding of* The nature and purpose of the organisation* The human element and behaviour of large number* Business strategy, organisational processes and the execution of pop off* The process of forethought as an integrating and co-ordinating activity* Social responsibilities and business ethics* The external surroundings of which the organisation is part of and* The need for organisation success and survival.The Pyschological Contract* The PC is not a formal written document that is referred to but a people organisation relationship where mutual expectations and gratification of c on the whole for be implied.* Important to e nhance the level of trust and teamwork.* Human capital to be seen as a accountability and a resources to be added to* Two observations in human behaviour at work* Peter Principle* Parkinsons law../2The pyschological contract likely examples of case-by-case and organisational expectations mortals expectations of the organisation* Provide safe and hygienic working conditions.* Make every reasonable effort to provide job security measures.* effort to provide ch all toldenging and satisfying jobs, and reduce alienating aspects of work. * Adopy equitable human resource management policicies and procedures. * watch the role of trade union officials and staff representatives. * chaffer fully with staff and allow genuine participation in decisions which affect them. * Implement best practice in equal opportunity policies and precedures. * Reward all staff fairly according to their contribution and performance. * Provide reasonable opportunities for personal development and c beer pro gression. * Treat members of staff wit respect.* Demonstrate an understanding and kind attitude towards personal problems of staff. governments Expectations of the Individual* Uphold the ideology of the organisation and the corporate image. * Work diligently in pursuit of organisational objectives. * Adhere to the rules, policicies and procedures of the organisation. * Respect the reasonable authority of senior members of staff. * Not to take advantage of goodwill shown by the management. * Be responsive to the leadership influence.* Demonstrate loyalty, respect confidentiality and not fink positions of trust. * Maintain harmonious relationships with work colleagues. * Not to abuse organisational facilities such as email or internet access. * Observe reasonable and acceptable standards of dress and appearance. * press out respect and consolidation to customers and suppliers. A pyshcological contract is not only measured in m wizardtary honour or in exchange of goods or services, it is in essence the exchange or sharing beliefs and value, expectations and satisfactions. Mutuality is the base principle of the pyshcological contract and consensus or mutual understanding is the basis of mutuality.Ideally therefore self-concern should be balanced with common interest in a win-win arrangement. In the past this unspoken contract might view as implied that employees could expect job security and adequate rewards from their employer in exchange for hard work and loyalty. Todays pyshological contract may be different, in line with a changed working environment that includes movers such as increased rationalism, technological changes, and management aproaches such as outsourcing. The new pyschological contract may revolve much around an employers willingness to give ear you in developing your skills to order to maintain your marketability.The Peter PrincipleThis is concerned with the study of occupational incompetence and the study of hierarchies. In a hierarchy every employee be givens to rise to their level of incompetence. Employees competence in their postion are promoted and competence is each new position qualifies for promotion to the next highest posotion until a position of incompetence is reached. The principle is based on perceived incompetence in all levels of every hierarchy political, legal, educational and industrial and ways in whcih employees move upwards through a hierarchy and what happens to them after promotion.Peter suggests tow main means by which a person can make their promotion rate. Pull and press out. * Pull is an employees relationship by blood, marriage and acqaintance with a person above the employee in the hierarchy. * Push is sometimes manifested by an abnormal interest in study, vocational training and self-improvement. In small hierarchies push may have a marginal effect in accelerating promotion in larger hierarchies the effect is minimal. Pull is therefore, likely to be more effective than Push.Pa rkinsons LawA major feature of PL is that of the rising pyramid, that is Work expands so as to need the time available for its completion. There is little, if both, relationship between the quantity of work to be done and the number of staff doing it. Underlying this tendency are dickens statements * An official wants to multiply subordinates, not rivals* Officials make work for each otherWhat is driving leaders & organisations behaviour?* The continuous splendor that consumers base on value of product and service. * The diverse workforce is as well an important factor that drives organisational behaviour. * Consumers expect that organisation understands their needs and unwraps top quality products at best price possible. These demands rear leaders in a challenged position by domestic and global markets and competition.What are organisational factors?* Organisational factors may be identified as the organisational environment, structure & role* Individual distinctions, grou p behaviour* Overall decision making* The change processes adopted by the organisationThe fast momentum in any industry highlights the importance of the leader to align the human resources with the organisational factors.Framing the Organisational behaviourOrganisational behaviour may be studied under the following main contributors* The environment* The soulfulness in the organisation* Group behaviour and interpersonal influence* Organisational processOrganisational environment is the external and internal environment, the legal and political constraints, economic, technological changes and development all have an impact on the decisions that are taken by the management. The individual is the foundation of the organisation performance. This should therefore highlight the importance of managing individual behaviour at any level of the organisation. There are 3 important influences that mould the individual behaviour.1. Individual characteristics2. Individual motivation3. RewardsGr oup behaviourGroups may form all intentionally by managerial decisions or form out of individual efforts. * Formal groups are groups that were intentionally created by managerial decisions * Informal groups are groups that form out of common interests and friendships that may have a negative or positive effect and therefore affect the organisation or individual performance. * Organisational processes are the communication, the decision making and the leadership elements that the organisation fosters as part of its last and which in turn have an impact on the general performance of the individual and collective behaviour.Factors of organisation processCommunication process is the ability of management to receive, transmit and act on education. The information integrates the internal activities with the external demand and information also integrates internally the activities of the organisation.Decision making processDecisions by managers have a direct impact on the employees well being, the organisations resources and the design and implementation of rules in a organisation. This should illustrate the importance of managers to communicate, assess and analyse the feedback of decisions and practises in the organisation.Leadership processLeaders in an organisation may be managers and non- managers. The manager may not always be the leader, yet leadership skills contribute in attaining the set goals. Some people believe that leadership styles should shift according to the situation, other believe that one style of leadership is effective in most situations.Importance of effectiveness* Surviving in the environment* Organisation ages- it forms, develops, matures and declinesImportance of the Dimension of TimeQuality, productivity, efficiency, satisfaction, adaptiveness and development are 6 general categories of effectiveness criteria. Each of the categories have a time base, short run criteria 1 year, intermediate 5 years, long run are those for which the inde finite future is applicable. temperament Individual difference and work behaviour* Individual differences have a direct effect on behaviour because peole who perceive things differently behave differently. * Individual differences shape organisaitional behaviour and consequently, individual and organisaitional success.What is the ASA framework?This is the attraction- s selection-attrition to careers and organisations. * Prospective employees are attracted to careers and organisations. * Organisations elect employees on the basis of the needs of the organisation. * Attrition occurs when individuals discover that they do not belong to the organisation. Studying individual differences at the work place is important since not addressing differences among employees may hinder from achieving organisation and personal goals.Understanding work behaviourInorder to fully understand where individual differences arise the personal environment also needs to be given attention, weight and consid ered. Heredity factors are also important.An effective management must(prenominal)* Observe and recognise the dufferences and* Study relationship between variables that influences individual behaviour.For discussion* What are the variables at work? * Give examples of work behaviour. bear you think of how these may be fostered on connected? The following variables impact employee productivity, creativity and performance extensively * Heredity factors and diversity* Abilities and skills* AttitudesHeredity factorsGender, race and ethnic background are all heredity factors, mental and moral differences are also influenced by genetic inheritance and such factors mould each individual which in turn have a direct effect at work behaviour.1.a Diversity* Diversity refers to those attributes that make people different from another. Primary dimensions of diversity include age, ethicity, gender, pyshical attributes, race and sexual orientation. When an employee is harassed as a resukt of div ersity, due to closing off they become less enthusiastic in their job. * Managing diversity therefore ensures that employees become top level contributors especially in todays Abilities and Skills* qualification is a pessons talent to perform a mental or pyshical task. * Skill is a learned talent that a person has acquired to perform a task. * Ability tends to be stable over time while skill tends to change according to training and experience. One needs ability to be a sales executive (appearance and manners are important) yet one may attain skills with years of experience in sales.* Mental ability therefore refers to the level of erudition including comprehension, indicative or deictive reasoning, body language, associative memory etc. * Tacit knowledge is the work related to practical know how of the employees acquired eitehr through observation or direct experience on the job. Emotional intelligence When you probe people to get to know them more * It is important that manag ers assess and attest abilities and skills snice no count of leadership and motivation can make up for such deficiencies- job analysis therefore becomes important. * Job analysis is the process of defining and studying a job interms of tasks and behaviour and specifying responsibilities, education and training needes to perform a job therefore removes guess work when recruiting.AttitudesAttitudes are deteriments of behaviour because they are linked with perception, personaility, fdeelings, etc therfore has a certain amount of importance to the managers.Attitudes are* Learned* Define ones predeposition towards a given aspect or situation* Provide the delirious basis of ones interpersonal relations and identifications with other* Attitudes are close to the core of personaility* Some attitudes are persistent and enduring while others are liable to change over time. Changing attitudes at the workplaceHow can a manager change attitudes of his employees?The process depends on three mai n factors / contributors1. The Communicator2. The nub3. The SituationThe Communicator* If the communicator is trusted and the employees perceive the manager as having prestige, they are more likely to change their attitudes. Employees change because they try to identify with a liked communicator and tend to adopt attitudes and behaviour of the liked individual. * A manager with a low prestige is not show respect / trust by peers and superiors therefore more difficult to change attitudes of his team.The Message* Intentional and unintentional messages are delivered through verbal and no nverbal communication by managers. * The message delivered to employees has to be clear, understandable and convincing. * development persuasive verbal and non verbal communication skills is essential to managers.The Situation* The managers success in delivering a change in attitude also depends on the situation when the message is being delivered. * Distraction and pleasant surroundings are two fac tors that facilitate change in attitude (perks, performance allowance, training opportunities)Is job satisfaction an attitude?Job satisfaction results from the perception of the job itself and the degree which there is a good fit between the individual and the organisation Factors to consider* remuneration not just the pay but the perceived fairness. * The work itself are job tasks considered interesting? Do they provide opportunities for learning and accepting further / higher(prenominal) responsibilities? * Supervision technical competence and interpersonal skills of the immediate boss. * Co workers extent to which co workers are friendly, competent and supportive.Advancement opportunities availability of opportunitiesWork conditions the physical work environment is comfortable and supportive of productivity. Job security it is reasonable expectation that ones position is secure and contured employment within the organisation. Job relation in relation to Job performance on Effectiveness Are these 2 factors related or dependant on each other?* Attempts by management to satisfy employees may not mean higher performance while high performance may not mean that the employers are well-off at work. * Discuss the ripple effects of rewards, warnings, absenteeism, fair promotion etc. That these have on job performance in general. Effect on OC privateityPersonality refers to a relatively stable set of feelings and behaviour that have been significantly formed by genetic and environmental factors. * The manager attempting to understand his employees must give attention to the major forces that shape nature. * Cultural forces, heredity, family, relationship and social class are all factors that mould personality. How? * Culture society, institutes various pattern behaviour with the result that members of a polish have common personality characteristics. * Heredity varies from personality to another but are not constant since it is associated with values or ideals (temperament)* Family relationships the experience one has with his parents, grandmothers, other family members / life experiences. * Social class influences ones self perception, perception of others, of work, of authority of money factor. * Personality is therefore a product (a number of forces that together have attributed to shape the unique individual). Personality is interrelated with perception, attitudes, learning and motivation therefore analysis behaviour is incomplete unless personality is considered.Personality and Behaviour in OrganisationsThe big five Personality Dimensions is key in understanding organisational behaviour.1. Extroversion (Open minded, sociable, etc)2. Emotional (Stability)3. Agreeableness (More open to people, challenges and change) 4. Conscientousness (to understand your peoples attraction) Other three major factors areLocus of controlThis relates to the extent to which employees believe that their behaviour will influence what happens to th em. (Differing personalities of Internals& Externals).Self efficacyPersonal beliefs of competencies and abilities. This has an impact on Org behaviour and decisions like selection, training programmes and goal setting and performance.CreativityThis is a personality trait that requires deviation from the normal thinking to produce new and useful ideas. (Think in an unconventional way). While a personality factor of the individual organisations play an important role to develop creativity at work by giving opportunities and freedom to think and come forward with new ideas. Reward winning ideas and discuss failures positively to nourish creativity all round.The Importance of CultureNational Culture is the sum total of the beliefs, rituals, rules, customs, artefacts and institution that characterise the population. How organisational transactions are conducted is affected by nations culture and its subcultures. Values, customs and rituals of cultures do not simply appear. They are revol utionary and are influenced by politics, religion, language and cultural aspects.Managing in the 21st centuryFor effective management understanding different cultures and various organisational cultures is important in the 21st century. ../9../9Adaptation to new environment is becoming a common occurrent and although adaptation from one origin to another is always difficult, it can be better understood by learning about organisational culture.Organisational CultureOrganisational culture is the share values, norms, beliefs and norms which influence the way employees think, feel and act towards others inside and outside the organisation.OC gives unique identity to an organisationAlthough culture cannot be seen, it can be sensed and matt-up through a persons attitudes, emotions and perceptions. The way we do things around here Deal and Kennedy 1982 The collective programming of the mind, Geert Hofstede 2001. Hostede identified four dimensions of culture power distance, uncenrtainty, avoidance, individualism and masculinity. Power distance is essentially used to categorise levels of inequity in organisations which Hofstede claims will depend upon managment style, willingness of subordinates to diasgree with superiors, and the educational level and status accruing to detail roles. Uncertainty avoidance refers to the extent to which members of a society feel threatened by unusual situations.High uncertainty avoidance is said to be characteristic in France, Spain, Germany and many Latin American societies. Individualism describes the relatively individualistic or collectivisit ethic evident in that particular society. The USA, France and Spain display high individualism. masculinity refers to a continuum between masculine charactertistics such as assertiveness and competitiveness, and feminine traits such as caring, a stress upon the quality of life and concern with the environment.Can organisational culture be created by management?* Ann Cunliffe (2008) states t hat OC is important for 4 reasons*Slaps the image that the public has as an organisation* Influences organisational performance* Provide direction to the company* religious service to attract and retain motivated staffCreating the desired OC may be difficult since imposing a particular culture may not be met with resistance. Why? Is disparity between what the management states as values and the historicality with the employee an issue? What organisational factors may be attributed to the development of a desired OC? Communication is an organisational factor that is an important factor is developing and fostering an OC Why? Discuss with example?Communicating top down only leaves management out of touch from the real situation and may lead to a gap in culture that management wants to create another culture that actually develops. Uncover the levels of culturesArtefacts Visible organisational structures and processes (had to decipher). annual report, newsletter, furnishings are exa mples of artefacts. Espoused Values Strategies, goals, philosophies (espoused justifications). Assumptions that tell individuals how to perceive, think and feel about work, human relationships and performance of colleagues. Basic underlying assumptions Unconscious taken for granted beliefs, perceptions, thoughts and feelings (ultimate sources of values and actions). drumhead with examples of Scheins three levels of culture* Surface manifestation of culture most accessible forms which are visible and audible behaviour patterns and objects (observable culture, send a message) * Organisational values the accumulated beliefs held about how work hold be done and situations dealt with that guide employee behaviour ( be honest, be creative, work hard) * Basic assumption invisible perceptions, taken for granted understandings, held by individual with an organisation concerning behaviour, the nature of reality and its relationship to its environment (stability, excellence, quality and responsibility).Where does OC come from?Values are the basic element that distinguishes one organisation from the other. Changing organisation structure and its process will mean a change in values and therefore a change in culture. Why? Discuss the difference on a change from tall hierarchy to a change in flat hierarchy.